Version 1
: Received: 28 December 2023 / Approved: 28 December 2023 / Online: 28 December 2023 (15:14:59 CET)
How to cite:
Xiao, H.; Yuan, L.; Li, J.; Zhang, C.; Liu, G.; Liu, X. Sex Hormones in COVID-19 Severity: The Quest for Evidence and Influence Mechanisms. Preprints2023, 2023122185. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202312.2185.v1
Xiao, H.; Yuan, L.; Li, J.; Zhang, C.; Liu, G.; Liu, X. Sex Hormones in COVID-19 Severity: The Quest for Evidence and Influence Mechanisms. Preprints 2023, 2023122185. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202312.2185.v1
Xiao, H.; Yuan, L.; Li, J.; Zhang, C.; Liu, G.; Liu, X. Sex Hormones in COVID-19 Severity: The Quest for Evidence and Influence Mechanisms. Preprints2023, 2023122185. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202312.2185.v1
APA Style
Xiao, H., Yuan, L., Li, J., Zhang, C., Liu, G., & Liu, X. (2023). Sex Hormones in COVID-19 Severity: The Quest for Evidence and Influence Mechanisms. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202312.2185.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Xiao, H., Gang Liu and Xuan Liu. 2023 "Sex Hormones in COVID-19 Severity: The Quest for Evidence and Influence Mechanisms" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202312.2185.v1
Abstract
Studies report variable effects of sex hormones on serious diseases. Severe disease and mortality rates in COVID-19 show marked gender differences that may be related to sex hormones. Sex hormones regulate the expression of the viral receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2, which affect the extent of viral infection and consequently cause variable outcomes. In addition, sex hormones have complex regulatory mechanisms that affect the immune response to viruses. These hormones also affect metabolism through obesity, and severe disease can result from complications such as thrombosis. This review presents the latest research on the regulatory functions of hormones in viral receptors, immune responses, complications as well as their role in COVID-19 progression. It also discusses the therapeutical possibilities of these hormones by reviewing the recent findings of clinical and assay studies.
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
