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GlcNAc6ST2/Chst4 Is Essential for the Synthesis of R-10G-Reactive Keratan Sulfate/Sulfated N-acetyllactosamine Oligosaccharides in Mouse Pleural Mesothelium

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Submitted:

11 December 2023

Posted:

22 December 2023

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Abstract
We have recently shown that 6-sulfo sialyl N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) in O-linked glycan recognized by the CL40 antibody is abundant in the pleural mesothelium under physiological conditions, and that these glycans are complementary synthesized by GlcNAc6ST2 (encoded by Chst4) and GlcNAc6ST3 (encoded by Chst5) in mice. GlcNAc6ST3 is essential for the synthesis of R-10G-positive keratan sulfate (KS) in the brain. The predicted minimum epitope of the R-10G antibody is a dimeric asialo 6-sulfo LacNAc. Whether the R-10G-reactive KS/sulfated LacNAc oligosaccharides are also present in the pleural mesothelium was unknown. If any, the question of which GlcNAc6ST is the responsible enzyme was another issue to be examined as well. Here, we showed that R-10G-reactive glycans are as abundant in the pulmonary pleura as are CL40-reactive glycans, and that GlcNAc6ST3 is only partially involved in the synthesis of these pleural R-10G glycans, unlike in the adult brain. Unexpectedly, GlcNAc6ST2 is essential for the synthesis of R-10G-positive KS/sulfated LacNAc oligosaccharides in the lung pleura. The type of GlcNAc6ST involved in KS glycan biosynthesis and the magnitude of its contribution to the KS synthesis were found to differ among tissues in vivo. We show that GlcNAc6ST2 is required and sufficient for R-10G-reactive KS synthesis in the lung pleura. Interestingly, R-10G immunoreactivity in KSGal6ST (encoded by Chst1) and C6st1 (encoded by Chst3) double-deficient mouse lungs was markedly increased. Muc16, a mucin molecule, was shown to be a candidate carrier protein for the pleural R-10G-reactive glycans. These results suggested that R-10G-positive KS/sulfated LacNAc oligosaccharides may play a role in mesothelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Further elucidation of the functions of sulfated glycans synthesized by GlcNAc6ST2 and GlcNAc6ST3, such as R-10G and CL40 glycans, in pathological conditions may lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the physiopathology of lung mesothelium.
Keywords: 
sulfotransferase
;  
keratan sulfate
;  
sialomucin
;  
mesothelium
;  
Muc16
Subject: 
Biology and Life Sciences  -   Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

1. Introduction

Recently, we reported that sialyl 6-sulfo N-acetyllactosamine (sialyl 6-sulfo LacNAc, Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4(6S)GlcNAc), a sialylated GlcNAc-6-sulfated glycan recognized by the CL40 antibody [1], is specifically occurred in the mesothelin-positive mesothelium of pulmonary pleura under physiological conditions [2]. Five human members and four of their mouse orthologs represent the GlcNAc-6-sulfotranseferase (GlcNAc6ST) family [3]. We also reported that synthesis of CL40-positive glycans in mouse lung mesothelium requires GlcNAc6ST2 (encoded by Chst4) and GlcNAc6ST3 (encoded by Chst5), but not GlcNAc6ST1 (encoded by Chst2) or GlcNAc6ST4 (encoded by Chst7) [2]. GlcNAc6ST2 and GlcNAc6ST3 are complementary to the synthesis of CL40-reactive sialylated sulfated glycans in mouse pleural mesothelium. Since we previously found that GlcNAc6ST3 is essential for the synthesis of cerebral R-10G-positive keratan sulfate (KS) [4] in which the predicted minimum epitope is an asialo 6-sulfo di-LacNAc [5,6,7,8], we tested the possibility that R-10G-reactive KS is also present in the pleural mesothelium. The question of which GlcNAc6ST is the responsible enzyme, if any, was examined as well. Here, we found that R-10G-reactive glycans are abundant in the pulmonary pleura as well as observed with the presence of CL40-reactive glycans, and that GlcNAc6ST3 is only partially involved in the synthesis of these pleural R-10G glycans unlike in the adult brain. Remarkably, GlcNAc6ST2 is essential for the synthesis of R-10G-positive KS/sulfated LacNAc oligosaccharides in the lung pleura. The types of GlcNAc6STs involved in KS glycan biosynthesis and the extent of their contribution to the biosynthesis were found to vary among tissues in vivo. We also showed that the GlcNAc6ST2 is sufficient for R-10G-reactive KS synthesis in the lung pleura. In the KSGal6ST (encoded by Chst1) and C6st1 (encoded by Chst3) double-deficient mice [9], the level of R-10G immunoreactivity in the lung pleura was clearly increased. Muc16, one of the mucin molecules, was shown to be a candidate carrier protein of the R-10G recognition glycan.

2. Results

2.1. R10G-reactive sulfated glycans are abundant in the mouse pleural mesothelium

R-10G recognizes KS and related glycans [4,5,10]. The minimum recognition determinant of R-10G is 6-sulfo di-LacNac, Galβ1–4GlcNAc(6S)β1–3Galβ1–4GlcNAc(±6S) (Figure 1A). We investigated whether R-10G-reactive KS glycan is present in the mouse lung pleura at steady state. We found strong R-10G immunoreactivity in the pleural mesothelium (Figure 1B). These staining signals were co-localized with the staining signals of an antibody against mesothelin, a marker of mesothelial cells lining the lung pleura, but not with the staining signals of an antibody against laminin, a marker of the basement membranes of alveolar epithelium, endothelium and pleura (Figure 1B). Immunostaining with an isotype-matched control (mouse IgG1) antibody for R-10G gave no specific signals in the pleura (Figure S1). We then asked if R-10G-reactive glycans are N-linked or O-linked glycans. GlcNAc-containing fractions of mouse lung lobes were obtained with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-coated beads. Western blot analysis for the bead-bound material yielded two bands with molecular weights of > 270 kDa immunoreactive for R-10G. Intensities of these bands were not diminished by PNGase F pretreatment (Figure 1C), indicating that R-10G-reactive glycans are found in high-molecular-weight glycoproteins, and that O-linked glycans modified with 6-sulfo di-LacNAc are components of these glycoproteins that are present in high density in the pleural mesothelium of the lungs of adult mice.
We then investigated whether enzymatic removal of GlcNAc-6-sulfated or non-sulfated poly-LacNAc [11,12] could abolish the R-10G immunoreactivity in the pleura. Pretreatment of lung sections with endo-β-galactosidase could abolish R-10G immunoreactivity (Figure 2A, B). This is consistent with the fact that R-10G epitope requires 6-sulfo di-LacNAc structure as a minimum epitope structure for its recognition [6]. Anti-mesothelin signals were arisen from the mesothelin core protein since these signals were retained after treatment with endo-β-galactosidase (Figure 2A). Next, we wished to determine whether the R10G-reactive glycans were elongated from repeated structure of GlcNAc-6-sulfated and Gal-6-sulfated or non-sulfated disaccharide. Pretreatment of lung sections with keratanase II, which cleaves the sulfated N-acetylglucosaminic β1-3 linkage to galactose in non-reducing terminal chain, showed the level of R-10G immunoreactivity comparable to those in enzyme non-treated control (Figure 2A, B). These indicate that R-10G-glycans may be rather short and composed of two LacNAc with GlcNAc-6-sulfation in the non-reducing terminal end of glycans.

2.2. GlcNAc6ST2 is required and sufficient for the synthesis of R10G-reactive KS glycans in the mouse pleural mesothelium

We previously showed that 6-sulfo sLeX present in high endothelial venule (HEV) cells of peripheral lymph nodes is complementarily synthesized by GlcNAc6ST1 and GlcNAc6ST2 [13,14]. Recently, we reported that GlcNAc6ST2 and GlcNAc6ST3 are complement to the synthesis of sialyl 6-sulfo LacNAc recognized by CL40 in mouse pleura [2]. We wished to determine which GlcNAc6ST is responsible for the synthesis of R10G-reactive glycans in mouse pleural mesothelium. We expected that GlcNAc6ST3 might be a major GlcNAc6ST for the pleural R-10G glycans since GlcNAc6ST3 is responsible for R-10G-reactive KS glycans in the brain [4]. Mice genetically deficient in each GlcNAc6ST gene were used for analysis. Mice deficient in GlcNAc6ST1 or GlcNAc6ST4 showed levels comparable to those of WT mice. GlcNAc6ST3-deficient mice showed about 50%-reduced immunoreactivity. This reduction was selectively seen in the area proximal to the basement membrane structure of the mesothelial cell layer. Unexpectedly, mice deficient in GlcNAc6ST2 showed negligible levels of pleural R-10G signals (Figure 3A, B). As seen in the previous report [2], the mesothelin-positive mesothelium was thickened in GlcNAc6ST2 KO and GlcNAc6ST3 KO mice (Figure 3A). R-10G signals in these KO mice were not colocalized with laminins (Figure S2). These results indicate that both GlcNAc6ST2 and GlcNAc6ST3 are involved in the synthesis of R10G-reactive sulfated glycans in the mouse pleural mesothelium, and that GlcNAc6ST3 is partial but GlcNAc6ST2 is essential for the synthesis. In these KO mice, the mesothelial cell layer may be distorted at the area proximal to the basement membrane for unknown reasons.
We then tested R-10G immunoreactivity in mice triple-deficient (TKO) in GlcNAc6ST1, 3, and 4, but sufficient in GlcNAc6ST2, and mice triple-deficient in GlcNAc6ST1, 2, and 4, but sufficient in GlcNAc6ST3. In agreement with the results of the single KO mice presented above, GlcNAc6ST1, 3 ,4 TKO mice were found to have a significantly reduced level (~30%) of R-10G immunoreactivity. GlcNAc6ST1,2,4 TKO mice showed a negligible level of mesothelial R-10G immunoreactivity (Figure 4A, B), indicating that GlcNAc6ST2 is essential for the synthesis of R-10G KS/KS-related glycans, and that GlcNAc6ST3 has a partial role for the synthesis. These R-10G signals were not colocalized with laminins as seen in single KO lungs (Figure S3).
KSGal6ST and C6st1 can catalyze the sulfation modification to the 6-position of Gal on KS and related glycans [19,20,21,22]. We then asked if double deficiency in these Gal-6-sulfotransferases would change the synthesis and localization of pleural R-10G glycans. We investigated R-10G immunoreactivity in KSGal6ST and C6st1 double knockout mice (DKO) and GlcNAc6ST1, 2 and KSGal6ST TKO mice [9,21]. Western blotting analysis with R-10G showed a band of molecular weight of >250kDa in TBS-soluble fractions (Figure 5A left) and a lower smear band of molecular weights of >250kDa in TBS-insoluble/1% SDS-soluble fractions (Figure 5A right) of lung lysates prepared from WT and DKO mice, whereas high molecular weight band signals were not observed by the 5D4 anti-Gal-6S, GlcNAc-6S-KS antibody [23] in either fraction of WT and DKO lungs.
Interestingly, the intensity of R-10G-immunoreactive band in the DKO TBS-insoluble/1% SDS-soluble fraction was higher than that of WT. In GlcNAc6ST1, 2 and KSGal6ST TKO, these high molecular weight band signals were not observed in either of the two fractions. Therefore, di-LacNAc structures with sulfation modification on both Gal-6 and GlcNAc-6 may not intrinsically exist in the R-10G-reactive glycans. In lung sections of DKO, we observed enhanced R-10G immunoreactivity in the pleura compare to WT mice (Figure 5B left). We did not observe the R-10G signal in GlcNAc6ST1, 2 and KSGal6ST TKO lung sections. 5D4-immunoreactivity in the mouse pleural mesothelium in all genotypes was not observed (Figure 5B right). The scRNA-seq data [24] showed high, selective expression of Chst4, Msln and Muc16 in mesothelial cells (Figure S4). The Muc16 gene encodes Mucin-16 (Muc16), a highly O-glycosylated membrane-associated mucin. Muc16 can be extracellularly released by proteolytic cleavage. We tested if Muc16 is a carrier protein of 6-sulfo di-LacNAc recognized by R-10G. Muc16 was co-immunoprecipitated with R-10G in mouse lung lysates (Figure 5C), indicating that Muc16 could be a candidate molecule carrying R-10G-reactive glycans.

3. Discussion

Recently, we reported that sialyl 6-sulfo LacNAc is complementarily synthesized by GlcNAc6ST2 and GlcNAc6ST3 in the mouse pleura. Here we show that R-10G-reactive KS/KS-related sulfated glycan is also present in the pleural mesothelium and that the R-10G glycan is synthesized essentially by GlcNAc6ST2 in the mouse pleura. We previously showed that synthesis of the R-10G epitope is GlcNAc6ST enzyme-dependent. In the developing brain, GlcNAc6ST1 is one of the major R-10G-reactive glycan synthases [10]. In the adult brain, GlcNAc6ST3 is a major GlcNAc6ST [4,25]. This is the first time, as far as we know, to demonstrate that GlcNAc6ST2 is an enzyme for R-10G-reactive KS/KS-related glycans in vivo.
One possible explanation is that R-10G recognition is reduced to 50% in GlcNAc6ST3 KO mesothelium because of a partial elimination of sulfate group in the recognition epitope of R-10G. As we proposed and summarized in Figure 6, there could be a variation in GlcNAc-6-sulfation of di-LacNAc in the lung pleura. GlcNAc-6-sulfation of the penultimate LacNAc may not be essential for R-10G antibody recognition [6,7]. However, the absence of which may significantly reduce its recognition. GlcNAc-6-sulfation of this penultimate LacNAc is carried by the complementary action of GlcNAc6ST2 and GlcNAc6ST3, whereas GlcNAc-6-sulfation of the non-reducing terminal LacNAc, which is essential for R-10G recognition, may be catalyzed by GlcNAc6ST2 alone (Figure 6). This substrate specificity of GlcNAc6ST2 may explain the R-10G immunostaining phenotype of GlcNAc6ST2 KO and GlcNAc6ST1,3,4 TKO mice. As previously reported for in vitro substrate specificity, the GlcNAc6ST3 enzyme may utilize core 2-branched GlcNAc as a better substrate in the pleura [26]. It is not known whether the glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of LacNAc repeats are dependent on this penultimate GlcNAc-6-sulfation. In mucin glycome analysis data, sulfated mono- or di-LacNAc is abundant in the mucin glycans [27]. It is probable that R-10G positive glycan is GlcNAc-6-sulfated dimeric LacNAc without sialic acids at the non-reducing terminal end. The CL40-reactive sialyl 6-sulfo LacNAc may be present in the distinct glycan chains (Figure 6).
KSGal6ST and C6st1 can catalyze Gal-6-sulfation of KS and related glycans in vivo [9]. 5D4 recognizes KS oligosaccharide structures with absolute dependence on both Gal-6- and GlcNAc-6-sulfation modifications [22,29]. Reactivity of the 5D4 antibody was not observed in mouse lung lobes under physiological conditions, as indicated by biochemical or histological studies. This suggests that KS-containing LacNAc-repeating structures with both Gal-6-sulfation and GlcNAc-6-sulfation are absent or present in very small amounts in the lung mesothelium. One possible reason for the increased R-10G immunoreactivity in the KSGal6ST and C6st1 DKO pleura could be the elevated availability of adenosine 3′-phosphate 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS; a sulfate donor), to GlcNAc6ST2 and GlcNAc6ST3 in the Golgi complex of mesothelial cells. This may have resulted in an enhanced GlcNAc-6-sulfation reaction and increased R-10G immunoreactivity. KSGal6ST and/or C6st1 may be primarily involved in Gal-6-sulfation of other glycans in mouse mesothelial cells. These glycans may include 6′-sulfo sLex and sialyl 6′-sulfo LacNAc, which can be recognized by mouse sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec)-F, a paralog of human Siglec-8 [30,31,32,33,34,35]. The mechanism of region-selective reduction of R-10G immunoreactivity in the GlcNAc6ST3 KO mesothelium is unknown. Whether R-10G-reactive sulfated molecules are different multiple proteins is still remained to be determined. Whether GlcNAc6ST3 is specific to some of the protein species is an issue to be addressed. The possible relationship between sulfated mucin / proteoglycan present in the airways and alveoli [9,36,37,38] and the mesothelial cell layer in GlcNAc6ST3 deficiency is totally unknown. Because Muc16 is a high binder to mesothelin [39,40] and the encoding gene, Muc16, is selectively expressed in mesothelial cells shown by scRNA-seq, Muc16 is a candidate of the R-10G-reactive sulfated molecule in mouse pleura. The shed form of Muc16, known as CA125, promotes cell aggregation and binding to the peritoneal surface through its interaction with mesothelin [39,41]. The possible involvement of GlcNAc-6-sulfation in Muc16 proteolysis and its effect on mesothelin binding or on the recognition of other binding proteins [42] are remained as important issues for the future. The molecular function of Muc16 requires binding partners such as mesothelin, galectin 1, galectin-3, E- and P-selectins [43]. These Muc16-mediated molecular interactions depend on N- or O-linked glycans [41,43,44]. Given that the R-10G epitope in mouse pleura is predicted to be contained in O-linked glycans, our results support a role for the R-10G epitope in determining the interaction between Muc16 modified with R-10G-glycans and its binding partners. Furthermore, glycosylation of Muc16/CA125 is known to differ between physiological and pathological conditions [45]. The regulation of R-10G epitope expression in physiological and disease states requires further elucidation. We found that multiple Hoechst-positive nuclei are abnormally layered in lung pleura of GlcNAc6ST2 KO and GlcNAc6ST3 KO mice. These staining patterns were not observed in WT, GlcNAc6ST1 KO, or GlcNAc6ST4 KO mouse pleural mesothelium. Sulfation modification by GlcNAc6ST2 and GlcNAc6ST3 may play an important role in normal mesothelial layer formation and mesothelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Involvement of these enzymes and enzyme genes in mesothelioma pathogenesis is an interesting topic of research [46]. Exploring the functions of sulfated glycans synthesized by these enzymes, including R-10G and CL40 glycans, in disease states may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of mesothelioma.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Antibodies and enzymes

Materials were obtained commercially from the sources indicated as follows. The R-10G anti-GlcNAc-6-sulfo KS antibody was purchased from Cosmo Bio (RIT-M001, Tokyo, Japan); The 5D4 anti-GlcNAc-6-, Gal-6-sulfo KS antibody (MABN2483), mouse anti-β actin (#A2228), and rabbit anti-laminin antibody (#L9393) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St-Louis, MO, USA); Rabbit anti-mouse mesothelin antibody was from IBL (28127, Fujioka, Japan); Mouse anti E-cadherin antibody was from BD Bioscience (#610182, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA); Normal mouse IgG1 was from Santa Cruz (#sc-3877, Dallas, TX, USA). Rabbit anti-Muc16 antibody was from LSBio (#LS-C754876, Shirley, MA, USA). Cy3-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG1 (#115-165-205), Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (#111-545-144), HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG1 (#115-035-205), HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG2a (#115-035-206), and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (#111-035-144) were from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories (West Grove, PA, USA); Hoechst33342 was from Dojindo (H342, Kumamoto, Japan). Peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F; P0704S, Flavobacterium meningosepticum) was from NEB (Ipswich, MA, USA). Endo-β-galactosidase (#100455, Escherichia freundii) and Keratanase II (#100812, Bacillus sp. Ks 36) were from Seikagaku Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). Enzyme pretreatmets were optimized previously [2,29].

4.2. Mice

GlcNAc6ST1-deficient (KO) [13,15], GlcNAc6ST2-KO [16], GlcNAc6ST3-KO [17], and GlcNAc6ST4-KO mice [4] were maintained on the C57BL/6J genetic background. GlcNAc6ST1,3,4 TKO mice and GlcNAc6ST1,2,4 TKO mice were generated as described previously [4,18]. KSGal6ST [21] / C6st1 [47] double-deficient (DKO), and GlcNAc6ST1,2/KSGal6ST TKO mice were generated by cross-breeding above KO mouse strains [9]. Male and female mice aged 2-4 months were used in the experiments. All mice were maintained under controlled environmental conditions, free of specific pathogens, and provided with standard nutrition and water at the animal housing facilities of the authors’ institution.

4.3. Mouse tissues

Mice were anesthetized and transcardially perfused with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The lung lobes and tracheas were dissected; phosphate buffered solution (PB) containing 4% paraformaldehyde was injected through the airways. Left lung lobes for cryo-sectioning were post-fixed overnight in PB containing 4% paraformaldehyde, equilibrated with 30% sucrose in PBS, and embedded in O.C.T. compound Tissue-Tek (Sakura, Torrance, CA, USA). For biochemical analysis use, the lung tissues were snap-frozen after PBS-perfusion and then stored at −80°C.

4.4. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy

Frozen lung tissue was cut into 10-µm-thick sections in a cryostat and collected on MAS-coated glass slides (SF17293; Matsunami, Osaka, Japan). For pre-treatment, the sections were digested with 10 mU/ml endo-ß-galactosidase, or 50 mU/ml Keratanase II in 50 mM Tris-acetate buffer pH 7.0 at 37 °C for 24 h. The sections were stained with R-10G (10 µg/ml) and anti-mesothelin (1:200 dilution) as described previously. Signals were acquired using a fluorescence microscope (BX41; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) with the same exposure settings for each antibody staining. The fluorescence intensities of Cy3-R10G and Alexa Fluor 488-mesothelin in stained pleura in digital images were determined semiquantitatively using ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD). Four pleural mesothelium per mouse were randomly selected. Three mice were tested for each genotype or treatment.

4.5. Immunoprecipitation

One % Triton X 100-soluble fractions were prepared from tissue homogenates of 100 mg lung lobes of 2- to 3-month-old C57BL/6J mice. The lung lysate was mixed with a complex of the R-10G anti-KS antibody and Protein G Dynabeads (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) in PB containing 0.02% Tween-20 (PB-T) for 30 min at room temperature. The immunocomplexes bound to the Protein G Dynabeads were isolated with the DynaMag-2 Magnet (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

4.6. WGA bead-bound precipitation

One % Triton X 100-soluble fractions were prepared as described above. The fractions were incubated with GlcNAc-binding WGA-coated beads (Vector Laboratories) at 4 °C overnight. Bead-bound materials were used for Western blot analysis.

4.7. Immunoblots

Frozen lung tissues were homogenized in Tris buffered saline (TBS) with protease inhibitors as previously described [48]. The tubes were subsequently placed in a Bioruptor sonicator water bath (Cosmo Bio, Inc.). The tissue was crushed 4-5 times for 15 seconds at maximum ultrasound power until no solids were visible in the tubes. The tissue was then ultracentrifuged at 100,000 x g for 30 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant fluid was collected (TBS-soluble fraction). The pellet was suspended in TBS contained 1% SDS, and the pellet was dissociated and centrifuged at 15,000 × g for 20 minutes at room temperature. The supernatant fluid was collected (TBS-insoluble/1% SDS-soluble fraction). Immunoblotting was performed as described previously [29] with the following antibody concentrations: R-10G anti-KS (dilution 1:1000), 5D4 anti-KS (1:1000), anti-E-cadherin (1:1000), HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG1 secondary antibody (1:3000), goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:1000), goat anti mouse IgG2a (1:5000).

4.8. Statistical analysis

All data are presented as means ± SE unless otherwise noted. The values were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with Dunnett’s test (vs wild-type or without enzyme control) with Prism (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA). P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at the website of this paper posted on Preprints.org.

Author Contributions

Y.T-U., M.I., K.N, and K.U. performed experiments. Y.T-U., K.N., and K.U. interpreted data and wrote the manuscript. T.O.A., F.A. and Y.I. contributed resources.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Steven D. Rosen and Michael L. Patnode for providing frozen tissues of KSGal6ST and C6st1 double-deficient mice and GlcNAc6ST1, 2, and KSGal6ST triple- deficient mice.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship or publication of this article.

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Figure 1. R10G-reactive sulfated glycans are present in the mouse pleural mesothelium. (A) Schematic representation of 6-sulfo di-LacNAc recognized by R-10G. C-6 sulfation (S), galactose (Gal), and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) are shown. The glycan is extended from the variable underlying core glycans (R). (B) Sections of lungs from normal adult mice were co-stained with R-10G (red) and an anti-mesothelin antibody (upper, green) or an anti-laminin (lower, green), followed by Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining (blue). Shown are representative fluorescence microscopy images of the lower and central portions of the left lung lobe (n = 3). Dense R-10G staining signals in the pleural mesothelium (arrows) revealed by co-staining with mesothelial marker mesothelin are presented. Plot profiles of R-10G and mesothelin staining or laminin staining are presented. Signal intensities along the line marker (white dashed line) paths in the merged images were determined. Scale bar: 20 µm. (C) GlcNAc-containing fractions of mouse lung lobes were obtained with wheat germ agglutinin-coated beads. The bead-bound materials were incubated without or with PNGase F. The immunoreactivity of R-10G was tested. Bands with molecular weights of > 270 kDa were observed (closed arrowheads). E-cadherin was used to show protein equal loading and successful pretreatment of PNGase F of the lung fraction. The 110 kDa band shifted from 120 kDa in the pretreated fraction (gray arrowhead). Bands with 240 kDa were also seen in IgG1 control blots (asterisk) [2].
Figure 1. R10G-reactive sulfated glycans are present in the mouse pleural mesothelium. (A) Schematic representation of 6-sulfo di-LacNAc recognized by R-10G. C-6 sulfation (S), galactose (Gal), and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) are shown. The glycan is extended from the variable underlying core glycans (R). (B) Sections of lungs from normal adult mice were co-stained with R-10G (red) and an anti-mesothelin antibody (upper, green) or an anti-laminin (lower, green), followed by Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining (blue). Shown are representative fluorescence microscopy images of the lower and central portions of the left lung lobe (n = 3). Dense R-10G staining signals in the pleural mesothelium (arrows) revealed by co-staining with mesothelial marker mesothelin are presented. Plot profiles of R-10G and mesothelin staining or laminin staining are presented. Signal intensities along the line marker (white dashed line) paths in the merged images were determined. Scale bar: 20 µm. (C) GlcNAc-containing fractions of mouse lung lobes were obtained with wheat germ agglutinin-coated beads. The bead-bound materials were incubated without or with PNGase F. The immunoreactivity of R-10G was tested. Bands with molecular weights of > 270 kDa were observed (closed arrowheads). E-cadherin was used to show protein equal loading and successful pretreatment of PNGase F of the lung fraction. The 110 kDa band shifted from 120 kDa in the pretreated fraction (gray arrowhead). Bands with 240 kDa were also seen in IgG1 control blots (asterisk) [2].
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Figure 2. Endo-ß-galactosidase pretreatment diminishes R-10G signals abundant in the mouse pleural mesothelium. (A) Sections of lungs from normal adult mice were co-stained with R-10G (red) and anti-mesothelin (green) followed by Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining (blue). Sections were pretreated with buffer only (no enzyme), Endo-β-galactosidase (Endoβ Galase) or Keratanase II, an endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Representative fluorescence microscopy images of the lower and central portions of the left lung lobe are shown (n = 3 per treatment). Dense R-10G staining signals in the pleural mesothelium (arrows) revealed by co-staining with an anti-mesothelin are demonstrated. Sections pretreated with Endo-β-galactosidase showed negligible levels of R-10G signals in the mesothelium (open arrowheads). Plot profiles of R-10G and mesothelin staining are presented. Signal intensities along the line marker (white dashed line) paths in the merged images were determined. (B) The relative intensity of R-10G to mesothelin is indicated (n = 12 mesothelium per treatment). Data were obtained from two experiments in which four pleural mesothelium from lung specimens of three donors were analyzed for each genotype. **** P < 0.0001. Scale bar: 20 µm.
Figure 2. Endo-ß-galactosidase pretreatment diminishes R-10G signals abundant in the mouse pleural mesothelium. (A) Sections of lungs from normal adult mice were co-stained with R-10G (red) and anti-mesothelin (green) followed by Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining (blue). Sections were pretreated with buffer only (no enzyme), Endo-β-galactosidase (Endoβ Galase) or Keratanase II, an endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Representative fluorescence microscopy images of the lower and central portions of the left lung lobe are shown (n = 3 per treatment). Dense R-10G staining signals in the pleural mesothelium (arrows) revealed by co-staining with an anti-mesothelin are demonstrated. Sections pretreated with Endo-β-galactosidase showed negligible levels of R-10G signals in the mesothelium (open arrowheads). Plot profiles of R-10G and mesothelin staining are presented. Signal intensities along the line marker (white dashed line) paths in the merged images were determined. (B) The relative intensity of R-10G to mesothelin is indicated (n = 12 mesothelium per treatment). Data were obtained from two experiments in which four pleural mesothelium from lung specimens of three donors were analyzed for each genotype. **** P < 0.0001. Scale bar: 20 µm.
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Figure 3. GlcNAc6ST2 is required for synthesis of R-10G-reactive sulfated glycans in mouse pleural mesothelium. (A) Sections of lungs from wild-type (WT), Chst2-deficient (GlcNAc6ST1 KO) [13,15], Chst4-deficient (GlcNAc6ST2 KO) [13,16], Chst5-deficient (GlcNAc6ST3 KO) [17], or Chst7-deficeint (GlcNAc6ST4 KO) mice [4] were co-stained with R-10G (red) and anti-mesothelin (green) followed by Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining (blue). Dense R-10G staining in the pleural mesothelium is demonstrated (arrows). Sections of GlcNAc6ST2 KO showed negligible levels of R-10G signals in the mesothelium (open arrowheads) and GlcNAc6ST3 KO mice show reduced levels of R-10G signals. The area proximal to the basement membrane structure in the mesothelial cell layer showed selective reduction in R-10G immunoreactivity (#). Plot profiles of R-10G and mesothelin staining are presented. Signal intensities along the line marker (white dashed line) paths in the merged images were determined (n = 3 per genotype). (B) The relative intensity of R-10G to mesothelin is indicated (n = 12 mesothelium per genotype). Data were obtained from three experiments in which four pleural mesothelium from lung specimens of three donors were analyzed for each genotype. **** P < 0.0001. Scale bar: 20 µm.
Figure 3. GlcNAc6ST2 is required for synthesis of R-10G-reactive sulfated glycans in mouse pleural mesothelium. (A) Sections of lungs from wild-type (WT), Chst2-deficient (GlcNAc6ST1 KO) [13,15], Chst4-deficient (GlcNAc6ST2 KO) [13,16], Chst5-deficient (GlcNAc6ST3 KO) [17], or Chst7-deficeint (GlcNAc6ST4 KO) mice [4] were co-stained with R-10G (red) and anti-mesothelin (green) followed by Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining (blue). Dense R-10G staining in the pleural mesothelium is demonstrated (arrows). Sections of GlcNAc6ST2 KO showed negligible levels of R-10G signals in the mesothelium (open arrowheads) and GlcNAc6ST3 KO mice show reduced levels of R-10G signals. The area proximal to the basement membrane structure in the mesothelial cell layer showed selective reduction in R-10G immunoreactivity (#). Plot profiles of R-10G and mesothelin staining are presented. Signal intensities along the line marker (white dashed line) paths in the merged images were determined (n = 3 per genotype). (B) The relative intensity of R-10G to mesothelin is indicated (n = 12 mesothelium per genotype). Data were obtained from three experiments in which four pleural mesothelium from lung specimens of three donors were analyzed for each genotype. **** P < 0.0001. Scale bar: 20 µm.
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Figure 4. GlcNAc6ST1,2,4 triple KO mice lack R-10G-reactive sulfated glycans in the pleural mesothelium. (A) Lung sections prepared from normal wild-type (WT), Chst2/Chst5/Chst7 triple-deficient (GlcNAc6ST1,3,4 TKO) and Chst2/Chst4/Chst7 triple-deficient (GlcNAc6ST1,2,4 TKO) [18] mice were co-stained with R-10G (red) and an anti-mesothelin (green) followed by Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining (blue). GlcNAc6ST1,2,4 TKO mice showed negligible levels of R-10G signals in the mesothelium (open arrowheads). Plot profiles of R-10G and mesothelin staining are presented. Signal intensities along the line marker (white dashed line) paths in the merged images were determined (n = 3 per genotype). The area proximal to the basement membrane structure in the mesothelial cell layer showed selective reduction in R-10G immunoreactivity (#). (B) The relative intensity of R-10G to mesothelin is indicated (n = 12 mesothelium per genotype). Data were obtained from three experiments in which four pleural mesothelium from lung specimens of three donors were analyzed for each genotype. **** P < 0.0001. Scale bar: 20 µm.
Figure 4. GlcNAc6ST1,2,4 triple KO mice lack R-10G-reactive sulfated glycans in the pleural mesothelium. (A) Lung sections prepared from normal wild-type (WT), Chst2/Chst5/Chst7 triple-deficient (GlcNAc6ST1,3,4 TKO) and Chst2/Chst4/Chst7 triple-deficient (GlcNAc6ST1,2,4 TKO) [18] mice were co-stained with R-10G (red) and an anti-mesothelin (green) followed by Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining (blue). GlcNAc6ST1,2,4 TKO mice showed negligible levels of R-10G signals in the mesothelium (open arrowheads). Plot profiles of R-10G and mesothelin staining are presented. Signal intensities along the line marker (white dashed line) paths in the merged images were determined (n = 3 per genotype). The area proximal to the basement membrane structure in the mesothelial cell layer showed selective reduction in R-10G immunoreactivity (#). (B) The relative intensity of R-10G to mesothelin is indicated (n = 12 mesothelium per genotype). Data were obtained from three experiments in which four pleural mesothelium from lung specimens of three donors were analyzed for each genotype. **** P < 0.0001. Scale bar: 20 µm.
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Figure 5. R-10G-immunoreactivity is augmented in the lung of mice double deficient in KSGal6ST and C6st1 and Muc16 in R-10G-immunoprecipitated materials is present. (A) TBS-soluble fraction and TBS-insoluble/1% SDS soluble fraction of lung tissues from normal wild-type (WT), Chst1/Chst3 double-deficient (KSGal6ST/C6st1 DKO) and Chst2/Chst4/Chst1 triple-deficient (GlcNAc6ST1,2, and KSGal6ST TKO) [9,21] were prepared. Western blot analysis was performed with R-10G and 5D4. R-10G-reactive bands with molecular weights of > 250 kDa were observed in WT and DKO (closed arrowheads). Bands also seen in IgG1 control blots were indicated (asterisks). Note that the intensity of R-10G-immunoreactive band in the DKO TBS-insoluble/1% SDS-soluble fraction is higher than that of WT. (B) Lung sections prepared from WT, KSGal6ST/C6st1 DKO and GlcNAc6ST1,2, and KSGal6ST TKO mice were stained with R-10G (left, orange) and 5D4 (right) followed by Hoechst 33342 staining (blue). Dense R-10G staining in the pleural mesothelium is shown (white arrowheads). The TKO mice showed negligible levels of R-10G signals in the mesothelium (open arrowheads). Scale bar: 25 µm. (C) The lung lysates of WT mice were used to prepare R-10G-immunoprecipitated (IP) materials as described in Materials and Methods. IP materials were blotted with R-10G or an anti-Muc16. Smear band with molecular weight of > 270 kDa were observed (closed arrowhead). Muc16 was co-precipitated with R-10G-reactive 6-sulfo di-LacNAc.
Figure 5. R-10G-immunoreactivity is augmented in the lung of mice double deficient in KSGal6ST and C6st1 and Muc16 in R-10G-immunoprecipitated materials is present. (A) TBS-soluble fraction and TBS-insoluble/1% SDS soluble fraction of lung tissues from normal wild-type (WT), Chst1/Chst3 double-deficient (KSGal6ST/C6st1 DKO) and Chst2/Chst4/Chst1 triple-deficient (GlcNAc6ST1,2, and KSGal6ST TKO) [9,21] were prepared. Western blot analysis was performed with R-10G and 5D4. R-10G-reactive bands with molecular weights of > 250 kDa were observed in WT and DKO (closed arrowheads). Bands also seen in IgG1 control blots were indicated (asterisks). Note that the intensity of R-10G-immunoreactive band in the DKO TBS-insoluble/1% SDS-soluble fraction is higher than that of WT. (B) Lung sections prepared from WT, KSGal6ST/C6st1 DKO and GlcNAc6ST1,2, and KSGal6ST TKO mice were stained with R-10G (left, orange) and 5D4 (right) followed by Hoechst 33342 staining (blue). Dense R-10G staining in the pleural mesothelium is shown (white arrowheads). The TKO mice showed negligible levels of R-10G signals in the mesothelium (open arrowheads). Scale bar: 25 µm. (C) The lung lysates of WT mice were used to prepare R-10G-immunoprecipitated (IP) materials as described in Materials and Methods. IP materials were blotted with R-10G or an anti-Muc16. Smear band with molecular weight of > 270 kDa were observed (closed arrowhead). Muc16 was co-precipitated with R-10G-reactive 6-sulfo di-LacNAc.
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Figure 6. Schematic representation of the reaction mode of GlcNAc6ST2 and GlcNAc6ST3 to 6-sulfo di-LacNAc and sialyl 6-sulfo LacNAc. The mode of synthesis mediated by GlcNAc6ST2 (abbreviated ST2, also known as Chst4) and GlcNAc6ST3 (abbreviated ST3, also known as Chst5) are shown. Predicted susceptibilities to Endo-β-galactosidase (Endoβ) [12] and keratanase II (KSaseII) [28] in pleural O-glycans with asialo 6-sulfo di-LacNAc (Galβ1–4GlcNAc(6S)β1–3Galβ1–4GlcNAc(±6S) or sialyl 6-sulfo LacNAc (Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4(6S)GlcNAc) [2] abundant in normal lung are presented. Each symbol denotes: C-6 sulfation (S), galactose (Gal; yellow circle), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc; blue square), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc; yellow square), and N-acetylneuraminic acid, predominant sialic acid (Neu5Ac; purple diamond).
Figure 6. Schematic representation of the reaction mode of GlcNAc6ST2 and GlcNAc6ST3 to 6-sulfo di-LacNAc and sialyl 6-sulfo LacNAc. The mode of synthesis mediated by GlcNAc6ST2 (abbreviated ST2, also known as Chst4) and GlcNAc6ST3 (abbreviated ST3, also known as Chst5) are shown. Predicted susceptibilities to Endo-β-galactosidase (Endoβ) [12] and keratanase II (KSaseII) [28] in pleural O-glycans with asialo 6-sulfo di-LacNAc (Galβ1–4GlcNAc(6S)β1–3Galβ1–4GlcNAc(±6S) or sialyl 6-sulfo LacNAc (Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4(6S)GlcNAc) [2] abundant in normal lung are presented. Each symbol denotes: C-6 sulfation (S), galactose (Gal; yellow circle), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc; blue square), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc; yellow square), and N-acetylneuraminic acid, predominant sialic acid (Neu5Ac; purple diamond).
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