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In-Vivo Hypolipidemic and In-Silico HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitory Effects of 15-Oxoursolic Acid from Rhododendron arboreum (Sm)

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21 December 2023

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21 December 2023

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Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is an identified risk factor for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular complications characterized by elevated levels of lipids in blood. The present study aimed to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase with 15-oxoursolic acid through in-vivo and in-silico assessments. HFD-induced hyperlipidemia in rats was developed with a marked increase in total cholesterol (58.34 ± 0.21 mg/dl), triglycerides (45.45 ± 0.39 mg/dl), LDL-c (66.12 ± 0.10 mg/dl), VLDL-c (19.34 ± 0.16 mg/dl), and a decrease in HDL-c (10.34 ± 0.18 mg/dl). The oral administration of 15-oxoursolic acid at a concentration of 30 mg/Kg b.w significantly reduced the serum concentration of total cholesterol (42.65 ± 0.54 mg/dl), triglycerides (32.33 ± 0.16 mg/dl), LDL-c (50.34 ± 0.15 mg/dl) and VLDL-c (13.15 ± 0.45 mg/dl) respectively and an increased in the serum HDL-c (18.56 ± 0.34 mg/dl). 15-oxo ursolic acid also caused a decrease in the coronary risk index and atherogenic risk index. In-silico studies of 15-oxoursolic acid with HMG-CoA reductase showed significant interaction capability with binding energy (-9.26805 Kcal/mol). It is concluded that 15-oxoursolic acid could significantly reduce the total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL levels in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia rats which might lead to new medication with significant hypolipidemic potential.
Keywords: 
Hyperlipidemia
;  
triterpenes
;  
triglycerides
;  
atherogenic index
;  
coronary risk index
Subject: 
Chemistry and Materials Science  -   Medicinal Chemistry

1. Introduction

Hyperlipidemia is a condition in which the blood level of circulating lipid become elevated. This condition occurs due to a disturbance in lipid metabolism and become a major cause of death worldwide [1]. The occurrence of this condition is mostly related to the increased consumption of high-fat diets and lifestyle [2]. Hyperlipidemia is directly connected to the progression of cardiovascular diseases, obesity as well as metabolic syndromes [3]. Thus, it is essential to regulate the lipid level in the blood for the prevention and regulation of hyperlipidemia and related disorders.
Several anti-hyperlipidemic drugs have been identified to cure hyperlipidemia. Lovastatin is an anti-hyperlipidemic drug that inhibits β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and lowers cholesterol levels. This enzyme facilitates the transformation of HMG-CoA into mevalonic acid, which plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of cholesterol [4]. However, lovastatin is linked with several adverse outcomes in human beings such as rhabdomyolysis, myositis, muscle cramps and weakness [5,6]. Such unfavourable consequences of available anti-hyperlipidemic drugs motivate researchers to seek novel anti-hyperlipidemic agents with greater potency and safety.
Plant-based medicines are a rich source of bioactive molecules which are essential for human health. Thus, the search for a new metabolome from a plant having lipid-lowering property will be a useful strategy. The anti-hyperlipidemic property of several plant extracts or purified active compounds have been reported which includes Pandanus tectorius fruits extract and 2, 4, 6-trihydroxyacetophenone from Myrcia multiflora activity against hypolipidemia test [7,8]. Triterpenoids are the most important class of chemical compounds. It has been reported that triterpenoids exhibited several biological activities. Among these activities include the inhibition of HIV proteases, antibacterial and anticancer activity [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. Methyl-3β-hydroxylanosta-9, 24-dien-21-oate a triterpenoid isolated from Protorhus longifolia exhibited significant hypolipidemic activity in high-fat diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemic rats [17]. The present research work was designed to evaluate in a better way the hypolipidemic effect of isolated pentacyclic triterpene, 15-oxoursolic acid, isolated from stem and bark of Rhododendron arboreum, against hyperlipidemic rats using in-vivo HFD- induced hyperlipidemia model and in-silico molecular docking assessments.

2. Results

The 15-oxoursolic acid was isolated as amorphous powder from stem bark of Rhododendron arboreum. The molecular formula of the title compound was developed as C30H46O4 using different characterization techniques (Figure 1) [18]. The hypolipidemic potential of newly isolated pentacyclic triterpenoid (15-oxorsolic aid) was examined in high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic model. It is evident from the results (Table 1) that the animals received HFD (Positive control) showed a marked increase in the total cholesterol (TC) (58.34 ± 0.21 mg/dl), triglycerides (TG) (45.45 ± 0.39 mg/dl), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) (66.12 ± 0.10 mg/dl), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-c) (19.34 ± 0.16 mg/dl) and decreased in high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) (10.34 ± 0.18 mg/dl) compared to the control group where the lipid profile was 37.90 ± 0.45 mg/dl (TC), 28.56 ± 0.15 mg/dl (TG), 37.11 ± 0.11 mg/dl (LDL-c), 12.45 ± 0.22 mg/dl (VLDL-c) and 19.78 ± 0.34 mg/dl (HDL-c), respectively. The animal’s group that received HFD fortified with test compound (15-oxorsolic aid) at a concentration of 30 mg/ kg b.w had significantly decreased the bad lipids and increased the HDL-c. In the test group the TC level, TG, LDL and very VLDL were 42.65 ± 0.54, 32.33 ± 0.16, 50.34 ± 0.15 and 13.15 ± 0.45 mg/dl, respectively while that of HDL was 18.56 ± 0.34 mg/dl. These values are comparable with the standard drug (Lovastatin) which showed that 15-oxoursolic acid can exert a significant anti-hyperlipidemic effect in HFD induced lipidemia.
The effect of 15-oxoursolic acid on the AI and CRI in the HFD initiated hyperlipidemia in rates was also evaluated (Figure 2). The results showed that HFD significantly increased the AI and CRI in animal model. The 15-oxoursolic acid at a concentration of 30 mg/kg b.w has significantly reduced the AI and CRI in HFD induced hyperlipidemic animals for 36 days (Figure 2). The effect of HFD and HFD fortified with 15-oxoursolic acid and standard drug on the liver enzymes i.e., AST, ALT and ALP were also determined as shown in Table 2. It is evident from the results that HFD significantly elevated the serum level of liver enzymes compared to the normal diet group. The animal group treated with HFD fortified with 15-oxoursolic acid at a concentration of 30 mg/kg of b.w showed a marked decrease in the liver enzymes and brought them to the level as that of the ND group.

2.1. In Silico Study

2.1.1. Ligand preparation

In the current study, isolated triterpene 15-oxoursolic acid from the stem bark of Rhododendron arboreum were chosen as ligand to use as inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. The selection of ligand helps in subsequent stages of investigation by enabling the evaluation of ligand binding affinity and their attachment to the target. The chemical structure of isolated ligand were created using ChemBioDraw Ultra (14.0) and [19] saved in .mol format for compatibility with MOE software to promote the ligand binding affinities and their interaction with target protein.

2.1.2. Receptor protein Refinement

The obtained 3D structure of HMG-CoA reductase with PDB ID: 1HWK was refined using MOE 2015.10. Using the geometry optimization and energy minimization, the structure of receptor protein was refined. In this process of preparation, the protonate 3D option of MOE was used and the parameter for energy minimization was carry through the Force Field: AMBER12EHT, chiral constrain, Gradient: 0.05 and current geometry. The prepared structure of receptor was subjected to CASTp server for active site prediction.

2.1.3. Active site determination

The generated structure was evaluated by using CASTp 3.0 and MOE 2015.10 software that determine the amino acids within the active site region. The identification and characterization of active site compound is important step in the development of an inhibitor. The CASTp evaluation observed the active domain, surface region (995.248), volume (1254.994) of HMG-CoA reductase shown in Figure 3a. All the binding cavities were arranged to findout the residues with probe 1.4Å radius in the selected protein. The site finder option of MOE was employed to detect and evaluate active region based on 3D structure of the receptor protein as shown in Figure 3b. These potential binding sites used for docking analysis of HMG-CoA reductase.

2.1.4. Molecular docking

Docking analysis was performed by MOE 2015.10 between HMG-CoA reductase and the ligand 15-oxoursolic acid. A strong binding affinity was found by the ligand within the active site of selected protein. The binding energy obtained up to −9.26805 Kcal/mol by 15-oxoursolic acid against the target HMG CoA reductase. More negative binding score indicate stronger binding to the receptor. Amino acid Glu-1800 bind with the OH- group of 15-oxoursolic acid with a distance of 2.82Å while Lys-1823 attach to the O- group of the ligand showing distance of 2.18Å in the active site of receptor protein, depicted by 2D and 3D structures (Figure 4a,b). This represents that the ligand molecules at the active site exhibit a greater binding affinity and therefore hold a favorable place as an effective inhibitor for HMG-CoA reductase.

3. Discussion

Use of high fat diet resulted in the elevation of serum lipid level causing hyperlipidemia. A number of abnormal conditions such as cardiac diseases, obesity and a number of other disorders are associated with abnormal lipid metabolism [19]. Thus, to prevent and treat cardiovascular events it is necessary to regulate dyslipidemia [20,21].
In the present study, the anti-hyperlipidemic potential of the 15-oxoursolic acid, a penta cyclic triterpene isolated from the stem bark of Rhododendron arboreum was evaluated in the high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia model in rats. It is evident from the results that newly isolated pentacyclic triterpene has anti-hyperlipidemic properties. As it is clear from the results that HFD significantly increases the serum level of TC, TG, LDL-c and VLDL-c and decreases the serum concentration of HDL-c compared to the normal diet group. However, HFD supplemented with 15-oxoursolic acid has significantly lowered the serum level of TC, TG, LDL-c and VLDL-c and increased the serum level of HDL-c which suggested that the 15-oxoursolic acid had potent hypolipidemic effect. The results obtained are in accordance with literature reported on the hypolipidemic effect of other plant derived compounds. A triterpenoid (Methyl-3β-hydroxylanosta-9,24-diene-21-oate) isolated from the stem bark of Protorhus longifolia have been reported to possess significant anti-hyperlipidemic activity in HFD induced hyperlipidemia model [17]. Similarly a mixture of triterpene including α,β-amyrin isolated from Protium heptaphyllum and lanostane terpenoide isolated from Prosthechea michuacana have been reported to having significant anti-hyperlipidemic activity [22,23]. Plant sterol and their ester are reported to have lowering of the intestinal cholesterol absorption as well as decrease the level of LDL-c [24,25]. As HDL protect from the incidence of atherosclerosis and related abnormalities, so a hypolipidemic agent with the ability of increasing blood HDL-c are of great interest [26].
Consequently, in-silico analysis showed the compatibility between the active sites of target enzyme and functional parts of leading compounds as ligand which resulted in HMG-CoA reductase inhibition [27]. The ligand-protein interaction analysis shows binding energy −9.26805 Kcal/mol near to reference drug (Lovastatin) and occupy similar binding sites in the catalytic domain and form H-bonds, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic interaction with the residues at the binding site of HMG-CoA reductase [28]. The enzyme inhibition capacity of selected compounds can be checked by interactions with the target through binding energies [29]. The lower protein-ligand complex’s binding energy, the higher is its stability [30]. From the interaction, the catalytic center of HMG-CoA reductase would undergo a conformational change and suppress the enzyme activity [31].
As observed in the in-vivo study, 15-oxoursolic acid compound has significantly reduced the AI and CRF in the HFD elevated hyperlipidemia in rats and inhibition of HMG-CoA from in-silico molecular docking suggested the cardiovascular protection of the 15-oxoursolic acid. Arteriosclerosis and plaque formation in the arteries due to high blood cholesterol and LDL-c could cause several complications in the form of stroke, heart attack, and even death [17]. It is apparent in the present study that 15-oxoursolic acid exerted its therapeutic effect by lowering the atherogenic cholesterol and TG.
Consumption of HFD for a long period causes an increase inTG biosynthesis and stops the β-oxidation of fatty acids which increases the liver TG. Deposition of the excess amount of TG in the liver results in raising the liver weight and adipose tissues [19,32,33]. Interestingly 15-oxoursolic acid, a new pentacyclic triterpene isolated from the stem bark of Rhododendron arboreum not only inhibit HMG-CoA reductase enzyme and reduces the TG level but can also reduce the liver enzymes. An elevated level of liver enzymes is a clear indication of the liver inflammation or damage to the hepatic cells [34]. Therefore, the normal level of liver enzymes is an indication of normal liver function.

4. Materials and methods

4.1. Plant materials

An authenticated Rhododendron arboreum, stem bark was obtained from Dr. Abdul Rasheed, Department of Botany, University of Peshawar Pakistan, and a voucher sample was submitted to the department.

4.2. Extraction and isolation

The powdered plant material (10 KG) was successively extracted with methanol (3x20L) at room temperature. The filtrate was concentrated through rotary evaporator to afford a gummy brownish methanolic extract (1.2 Kg). The methanolic extract was fractionated with different solvents in increasing order of polarity. The fraction ethyl acetate (50 g) was purified through column chromatography to afford a white amorphous compound 15-oxoursolic acid.

4.3. Physical data of 15-Oxoursolic acid

White amorphous powder with molecular formula C30H46O4 (15mg), Rf value¼0.35 (methanol: chloroform; 2:8), m.p. = 288–290°C, UV (kmax) 280nm. IR (KBr) kmax cm-1: 3430, 1740, 1720 and 1650cm-1. HREIMS m/z 470.0320 (calculated 470.3396 for C30H46O4) [18].

4.4. In Vivo Study

4.4.1. Animals

For the present study, male BALB/c mice (weight: 18–22 g) were used. The animals were maintained under stabilized ambient conditions (22 ± 2°C and light/dark cycles, i.e. 12/12 h) and sustained with standard food and water ad libitum. All ethical principles regarding the laboratory animals were strictly observed. All the animals were acclimatized to the laboratory conditions for 7 days before the commencement of the experiments. Once the animals had adapted to the experimental conditions the animals were randomly divided into different groups.

4.4.2. Anti-hyperlipidemic activity

The anti-hyperlipidemic activity was determined following the reported procedure [35]. The HFD contained about 4.8kcal/g while the normal chow contained 3.1kcal/g. The overnight fasted animals were divided into four groups each group having six animals, respectively.
1)
NC: Normal control diet and vehicle throughout the study
2)
HFD: High-fat diet and vehicle throughout the study
3)
Test drug: High fat diet + test drug (30mg/kg)
4)
Lovastatin: High fat diet + Lovastatin (5 mg/kg)
During the investigation, animals had unrestricted access to water only. The HFD preparation was pelleted each weighting 3g per pellet and were fed daily to the animals for 36 days to prompt hyperlipidemia. Blood samples were collected under light ether anesthesia using the retro-orbital plexus process. The samples of blood were centrifuged at 6000 rpm/10min and the serum obtained were employed in the analysis of lipid.

4.4.3. Biochemical analysis/Screening

The serum obtained from blood samples was used to investigate TC, TG, HDL-c, LDL-c, VLDL-c, AST and ALT. LDL-cholesterol was estimated in the serum through the Friedwald’s equation [36].
LDL-c = [TC-(HDL-c+ (TG/5)]
Further lipid indexes such as VLDL-c, coronary risk index (CDI) and atherogenic index (AI) were measured as follows/proceeds [19].
LDL-c =[TC-(HDL-c+ (TG/5)]
VLDL-c = [TG - (HDL-c+ LDL-c]
Atherogenic index (AI) = LDL-c/HDL-c (mg/dl)
CRI= TC/HDL-c (mg/dl)

4.5. Molecular Docking

4.5.1. Ligand Preparation

The isolated chemical compound 15-oxoursolic acid from stem bark of Rhododendron arboreum was selected as ligand [18]. The structure of ligand was generated by using ChemBioDraw Ultra (14.0) and saved in .mol for compatibility with molecular operating environment (MOE). The 15-oxoursolic acid were then subjected to MOE 2015.10 software for 3D protonation [37].

4.5.2. Preparation of protein

The 3-dimensional structure of HMG-CoA reductase with PDB ID: 1HWK was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (https://www.rcsb.org/search) [38]. The obtained 3D structure of protein was prepared in the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2015.10 for molecular docking [39]. In the preparation process, water molecules were excluded, hydrogen atoms were added, bond orders were carefully corrected, and the ionization states of the receptor protein were correctly determined. The optimization of the structure was conducted by applying restrained minimization with the AMBER12EHT force field. The determined structure of HMG-CoA reductase was subjected to CASTp server for active site prediction [40].

4.5.3. Active Site Prediction

The CASTp 3.0 online server (http://sts.bioe.uic.edu/cast p/) and MOE 2015.10 active site prediction tool was employed to identify the active site of selected protein that contains important amino acid residues. Computational analysis of the active pockets situated both on the external surface and within the interior of protein 3D structure was accurately determined and measured precisely by using CASTp web server [41,42]. Additionally, active site prediction tool of MOE software was employed to describe the active region within the 3D structure of HMG-CoA reductase.

4.5.4. Molecular docking Process

MOE docking software provides an appropriate conformation (with bond rotation, the structure of the molecule is not rigid) of the ligand in order to attain the minimal amount of energy structure [43]. Molecular docking was conducted using molecular operating environment (MOE) 2015.10 to analyze the interaction between target protein HMG-CoA reductase and the ligand, 15-oxoursolic acid [44]. The parameters for docking to ensure the precise results were set as “London dG 1” scoring function and “Triangle Matcher” for better position strategy. The “Induced fit” of refinement force field were selected to find out the ligand and receptor binding within the selected active site. In addition, the Generalized Born solvation model (known as GBVI/WSA dG) was used to calculate scoring function [45,46]. Other parameters were set as defaults. The docking outcomes were stored in .mdb and further visualized using Discovery Studio Visualizer.

4.6. Statistical analysis

The obtained results/outcomes were presented as mean +SEM. ANOVA was used for statistical interpretation, followed by post hoc Dunnett’s test for multiple comparisons. Values were considered to be substantial at p < 0.05 (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p< 0.001).

5. Conclusion

It can be concluded that newly isolated pentacyclic triterpene 15-oxoursolic acid has in-vivo lipid reducing ability in HFD animal model and also exhibited significant interaction capabilities with HMG-CoA reductase as confirmed by in-silico molecular docking assessments. It is evident from in-vivo study that reduction in TC and LDL- c with increase in the HDL-c. The 15-oxoursolic acid causes a significant reduction in the risk of atherosclerosis through decreasing AI and CRI. In addition, the test compound can decrease the serum lipid profile but can also cause a dramatic decrease in the liver enzymes. As confirmed from in-silico study, 15-oxoursolic acid has the capabilities to interact, inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, and can serve as a potent lipid-lowering drug. Therefore, 15-oxoursolic acid could be employed as a new candidate for controlling the conditions associated with hyperlipidimia as confirmed by in-vivo and in-silico results.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: S.A., Methodology: U.A.; Investigation: M.I.J.; Data curation: M.I.J. Validation: U.A.; Writing – original draft: S.A., Writing – review & editing: U.A.; Formal analysis: M.I.J.; Supervision: S.A.

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Figure 1. 2D chemical structure of isolated triterpenoid 15-oxoursolic acid.
Figure 1. 2D chemical structure of isolated triterpenoid 15-oxoursolic acid.
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Figure 2. Effect of 15-oxoursolic acid on the atherogenic index (AI) and coronary risk index (CRI) in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Data reported as mean ± SEM. Data were analysed by ANOVA followed by Dunnette’s test *p< 0.05, **p< 0.01, ***p< 0.001.
Figure 2. Effect of 15-oxoursolic acid on the atherogenic index (AI) and coronary risk index (CRI) in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia in rats. Data reported as mean ± SEM. Data were analysed by ANOVA followed by Dunnette’s test *p< 0.05, **p< 0.01, ***p< 0.001.
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Figure 3. (a): Active site prediction using CASTp gives highest pocket size for binding residues. (b): Region with red and gray balls shows the active site in the three-dimensional structure of HMG-CoA reductase.
Figure 3. (a): Active site prediction using CASTp gives highest pocket size for binding residues. (b): Region with red and gray balls shows the active site in the three-dimensional structure of HMG-CoA reductase.
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Figure 4. (a): 3D posing show the molecular interactions of 15-oxoursolic acid with HMG-CoA reductase studied through docking analysis. (b): 2D figure show the interactions of 15-oxoursolic acid with HMG-CoA.
Figure 4. (a): 3D posing show the molecular interactions of 15-oxoursolic acid with HMG-CoA reductase studied through docking analysis. (b): 2D figure show the interactions of 15-oxoursolic acid with HMG-CoA.
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Table 1. Effect of 15-oxoursolic acid on serum lipids and lipoprotein in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia model.
Table 1. Effect of 15-oxoursolic acid on serum lipids and lipoprotein in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia model.
Parameter (mg/dl) Normal Positive Control
(HFD)		 15-oxoursolic acid (30 mg/kg) Lovastatin
(5 mg/kg)
Total cholesterol 37.90 ± 0.45 58.34 ± 0.21 42.65 ± 0.54 * 43.17 ± 0.12 *
Triglycerides 28.56 ± 0.15 45.45 ± 0.39 32.33 ± 0.16 * 32.16 ± 0.16 *
HDLc 19.78 ± 0.34 10.34 ± 0.18 18.56 ± 0.34 * 18.24 ± 0.59 *
LDLc 37.11 ± 0.11 66.12 ± 0.10 50.34 ± 0.15 * 43.10 ± 0.13 *
VLDLc 12.45 ± 0.22 19.34 ± 0.16 13.15 ± 0.45 * 14.32 ± 0.12 *
Data is reported as mean ± SEM. *p< 0.05.
Table 2. Effect of 15-oxoursolic acid on the liver enzymes in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia model.
Table 2. Effect of 15-oxoursolic acid on the liver enzymes in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia model.
Group AST(U/L) ALT(U/L) ALP(U/L)
ND 215.34±12.34 40.96±10.01 70.00±12.19
HFD 295.00±23.12** 82.93±32.24 215.23±10.72
HFD/Test drug (30mg/kg, b.w) 155.13±20.71 39.90±12.34 167.51±12.45
HFD/ Lovastatin (5 mg/kg) 185.21±17.10 42.25±13.34 105.12±53.34
Data is reported as mean ± SEM. *p< 0.05, **p< 0.01, ***p< 0.001.
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