Wang, M.; Lv, Z.; Wu, W.; Li, D.; Zhang, R.; Sun, C. Multiscale Spatiotemporal Variations of GNSS-Derived Precipitable Water Vapor over Yunnan. Remote Sens.2024, 16, 412.
Wang, M.; Lv, Z.; Wu, W.; Li, D.; Zhang, R.; Sun, C. Multiscale Spatiotemporal Variations of GNSS-Derived Precipitable Water Vapor over Yunnan. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 412.
Wang, M.; Lv, Z.; Wu, W.; Li, D.; Zhang, R.; Sun, C. Multiscale Spatiotemporal Variations of GNSS-Derived Precipitable Water Vapor over Yunnan. Remote Sens.2024, 16, 412.
Wang, M.; Lv, Z.; Wu, W.; Li, D.; Zhang, R.; Sun, C. Multiscale Spatiotemporal Variations of GNSS-Derived Precipitable Water Vapor over Yunnan. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 412.
Abstract
The geographical location of Yunnan province is at the upstream area of water vapor transportation from the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea to inland China. Understanding the spatiotemporal variations of water vapor over this region holds significant importance. We utilized the GNSS data collected from 12 stations situated in Yunnan, which are part of Crustal Movement Observation Network of China, to retrieve hourly precipitable water vapor (PWV) from 2011 to 2022. The retrieved PWV at Station KMIN were evaluated by the nearby radiosonde data, and the result shows that the mean bias and RMS of the differences between the two datasets are 0.08 and 1.78 mm respectively. Average PWV values at these stations are in the range of 11.77 to 33.53 mm, which decrease from the southwest to the north of Yunnan and are negatively correlated with the station heights and latitudes. Differences between average PWV in wet season and dry season range from 12 to 27 mm. These differences tend to increase as the average PWV increases. The yearly rates of PWV variations, averaging 0.18 mm/year, are all positive for the stations, indicating a year-by-year increase in water vapor. Amplitudes of the PWV annual cycles are 9.75-20.94 mm. The spatial variation of these amplitudes is similar to that of average PWV over the region. Generally, monthly average PWV values increase from January to July and decrease from July to December, and the growth rate is less than the decline rate. Average diurnal PWV variations show unimodal PWV distributions over the course of the day at the stations except Station YNRL, where bimodal PWV distribution was observed.
Keywords
Global Navigation Satellite System; Precipitable Water Vapor; Secular Trend; Annual Cycle; Diurnal Variation; Radiosonde
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science and Meteorology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
