Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Precision, Inter-rater Reliability, and Accuracy of a Hand-Held Scanner Equipped with a LiDAR Sensor in Measuring Parts of the Body. A Preliminary Validation Study

Enrica Callegari
ORCID logo ,
Jacopo Agnolucci
,
Francesco Angiola
,
Paolo Fais
ORCID logo ,
Arianna Giorgetti
,
Chiara Giraudo
ORCID logo ,
Guido Viel
ORCID logo ,
Giovanni Cecchetto
*
Version 1 : Received: 6 December 2023 / Approved: 6 December 2023 / Online: 7 December 2023 (03:20:58 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Callegari, E.; Agnolucci, J.; Angiola, F.; Fais, P.; Giorgetti, A.; Giraudo, C.; Viel, G.; Cecchetto, G. The Precision, Inter-Rater Reliability, and Accuracy of a Handheld Scanner Equipped with a Light Detection and Ranging Sensor in Measuring Parts of the Body—A Preliminary Validation Study. Sensors 2024, 24, 500. Callegari, E.; Agnolucci, J.; Angiola, F.; Fais, P.; Giorgetti, A.; Giraudo, C.; Viel, G.; Cecchetto, G. The Precision, Inter-Rater Reliability, and Accuracy of a Handheld Scanner Equipped with a Light Detection and Ranging Sensor in Measuring Parts of the Body—A Preliminary Validation Study. Sensors 2024, 24, 500.

Abstract

Background: Anthropometric measurements play a crucial role in medico-legal practices. Actually, several scanning technologies are employed in post-mortem investigations for forensic anthropological measurements. This study aims to evaluate the precision, in-ter-rater reliability, and accuracy of a hand-held scanner in measuring various body parts. Methods: Three independent raters measured seven longitudinal distances using an iPad Pro equipped with a LiDAR sensor and specific software. These measurements were sta-tistically compared to manual measurements conducted by an operator using a laser level and a meterstick (considered the gold standard). Results: The Friedman’s test revealed minimal intra-rater variability in digital measurements. Inter-rater variability analysis yielded an ICC=1, signifying high agreement among the three independent raters. Addi-tionally, the accuracy of digital measurements displayed errors below 2%. Conclusions: Preliminary findings demonstrate that the pairing of LiDAR technology with the Polycam app showcases high precision, inter-rater agreement, and accuracy. Hand-held scanners show potential in forensic anthropology due to their simplicity, affordability, and porta-bility. However, further validation studies under real-world conditions are essential to es-tablish the reliability and effectiveness of handheld scanners in medico-legal settings.

Keywords

hand-held scanner; LiDAR; anthropometric measurements; 3D model reconstruction

Subject

Medicine and Pharmacology, Anatomy and Physiology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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