Saatchi, R.; Ramlakhan, S. Infrared Thermal Imaging Analysis in Screening for Toddler’s Fracture: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Appl. Sci.2023, 13, 13299.
Saatchi, R.; Ramlakhan, S. Infrared Thermal Imaging Analysis in Screening for Toddler’s Fracture: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13299.
Saatchi, R.; Ramlakhan, S. Infrared Thermal Imaging Analysis in Screening for Toddler’s Fracture: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Appl. Sci.2023, 13, 13299.
Saatchi, R.; Ramlakhan, S. Infrared Thermal Imaging Analysis in Screening for Toddler’s Fracture: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 13299.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore and develop high-resolution infrared thermal (HRIT) imaging for screening toddler’s fracture. A Toddler’s fracture is a common tibial fracture of children younger than 6 years old. Initial x-ray radiographs may not show the fracture and another x-ray during a follow-on visit is usually required. The study included 39 participants admitted to an emergency department with a suspected toddler’s fracture. X-ray confirmed 8 cases with a toddler’s fracture (20.5%). Infrared images of participants were recorded on their index visit, focusing on region-of-interests on the injured and the contralateral (uninjured) legs. The uninjured leg acted as a thermal reference. Nine statistical measures were extracted from the images: maximum, mini-mum, mean, standard deviation, median, mode, interquartile range, skewness, and kurtosis. Wilcoxon rank sum test indicated that maximum, mean, standard deviation, median, and inter quartile range temperature measures were significantly different (p<0.05) when comparing fractured and non-fractured legs. Principal component analysis of these measures highlighted distinct separation of toddler’s fracture and non-fracture cases. Similarly, plots of the statistical measures further confirmed clustering of toddler’s fracture cases. The study demonstrated that HRIT imaging can be a valuable tool for screening for toddler’s fracture.
Keywords
infrared thermal imaging; toddler’s fracture; bone fracture screening; infrared thermal image processing and analysis; artificial intelligence; emergency medicine; orthopaedics
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
