Orso, G.; Imperatore, R.; Coccia, E.; Rinaldi, G.; Cicchella, D.; Paolucci, M. A Deep Survey of Fish Health for the Recognition of Useful Biomarkers to Monitor Water Pollution. Environments2023, 10, 219.
Orso, G.; Imperatore, R.; Coccia, E.; Rinaldi, G.; Cicchella, D.; Paolucci, M. A Deep Survey of Fish Health for the Recognition of Useful Biomarkers to Monitor Water Pollution. Environments 2023, 10, 219.
Orso, G.; Imperatore, R.; Coccia, E.; Rinaldi, G.; Cicchella, D.; Paolucci, M. A Deep Survey of Fish Health for the Recognition of Useful Biomarkers to Monitor Water Pollution. Environments2023, 10, 219.
Orso, G.; Imperatore, R.; Coccia, E.; Rinaldi, G.; Cicchella, D.; Paolucci, M. A Deep Survey of Fish Health for the Recognition of Useful Biomarkers to Monitor Water Pollution. Environments 2023, 10, 219.
Abstract
The aim of the present study, was to evaluate the wild freshwater fish health status using a vast array of biomarkers as predictive factor of pollutant exposure. European eel (Anguilla anguilla) and Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario), resident in rivers with different degree of pollution in the South of Italy (Picentino river with good environmental quality and Tusciano river with low environmental quality), were examined using biometric parameters, histopathological and immunohistochemical biomarkers to evaluate the health status and a possible correlation with the water quality. Several alterations identified in the liver positively correlated with water and soil pollutants were: hemorrhage (P≤0.05), cytoplasmic vacuolization (P≤ 0.01), hemosiderosis (P≤0.05), irregular arrangement of hepatocytes (P≤ 0.01), lipid accumulation (P≤0.05), necrosis (P≤ 0.01), cellular hyperplasia (P≤0.05), leukocyte infiltration (P≤ 0.01) and melanomacrophages centers (MMC) (P≤ 0.01). In the spleen, only hemosiderosis correlated with water and soil pollutants (P≤ 0.05). The inflammatory biomarker tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and ciclooxigenase 2 (COX2) responded to the environmental pollution, as well as the oxidative stress biomarkers superoxide dismutase (SOD) and 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and erythrocytic cellular abnormalities were found significantly higher in the blood of both Europen eel (P<0.0001) and Brown trout (P <0.001) in the Tusciano river with respect to the Picentino river. Taken together, these results outline the need to increase the number of suitable biomarkers to assess fish health and reinforce the importance to employ additional biomarkers in biomonitoring programs which can be applied to evaluate the water quality and environmental risk assessment around the world
Keywords
European Anguilla; Brown trout; river pollution; histopathological biomarkers; liver; blood; spleen
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Aquatic Science
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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