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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
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Submitted:
30 October 2023
Posted:
31 October 2023
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Pearson’s correlations | ||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | α | ω | CR | AVE | Mean (SD) | |
1. Household behavior | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.80 | 0.45 | 4.18 (0.66) | ||
2. Information-seeking behavior | 0.428** | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 2.69 (1.01) | |
3. Transportation choice | 0.276** | 0.284** | 0.81 | 0.48 | a | 0.79 | 0.66 | 2.57 (0.92) |
Gender | M | SD | t | df | p | d | ||
PEBS_Household_behavior | Male | 4.06 | 0.75 | -2.234 | 198, 423 | 0.027 | 0.662 | |
Female | 4.22 | 0.63 | ||||||
PEBS_Information_seeking | Male | 2.42 | 1.01 | -3.512 | 533 | <0.001 | 1.003 | |
Female | 2.77 | 1.00 | ||||||
PEBS_Transportation_choice | Male | 2.61 | 0.97 | 0.601 | 533 | 0.548 | 0.924 | |
Female | 2.56 | 0.91 | ||||||
CCAS_Cognitive_emotional_impairment | Male | 1.53 | 0.54 | -2.709 | 533 | 0.007 | 0.555 | |
Female | 1.68 | 0.56 | ||||||
CCAS_Behavioral_engagement | Male | 3.53 | 0.64 | -4.009 | 533 | <0.001 | 0.587 | |
Female | 3.77 | 0.57 | ||||||
CCAS_Personal_experience_climate_change | Male | 1.05 | 0.43 | 0.150 | 533 | 0.881 | 0.406 | |
Female | 1.05 | 0.40 | ||||||
CCAS_Functional_Impairment | Male | 1.43 | 0.59 | -2.062 | 533 | 0.040 | 0.616 | |
Female | 1.56 | 0.62 | ||||||
CCPS_Total | Male | 6.3 | 0.87 | -3.177 | 177, 977 | 0.002 | 0.687 | |
Female | 6.59 | 0.62 | ||||||
CCPS_Reality | Male | 6.36 | 1.07 | -3.518 | 170, 909 | <0.001 | 0.809 | |
Female | 6.71 | 0.70 | ||||||
CCPS_Causes | Male | 6.13 | 1.06 | -2.707 | 533 | 0.007 | 0.979 | |
Female | 6.40 | 0.95 | ||||||
CCPS_Consequences | Male | 6.50 | 0.83 | -2.396 | 192, 759 | 0.018 | 0.718 | |
Female | 6.69 | 0.68 | ||||||
CCHS_Total | Male | 4.30 | 1.28 | -1.337 | 533 | 0.182 | 1.243 | |
Female | 4.47 | 1.23 | ||||||
CCDS_Total | Male | 3.78 | 1.49 | 1.125 | 533 | 0.261 | 1.417 | |
Female | 3.62 | 1.39 |
M | SD | Var |
Sk (SD = 0.106) |
Kr (SD = 0.211) |
|
Pro-environmental behavior scale | 1-5 | ||||
1. Turn off the lights at home when they are not in use. | 4.56 | 0.63 | 0.40 | -1.45 | 2.58 |
2. Ask my family to recycle some of the things we use. | 3.91 | 1.12 | 1.25 | -0.89 | 0.11 |
3. Ask other people to turn off the water when it is not in use. | 4.38 | 0.88 | 0.77 | -1.53 | 2.20 |
4. Close the refrigerator door while I decide what to get out of it. | 4.22 | 1.04 | 1.08 | -1.35 | 1.22 |
5. Recycle at home. | 3.83 | 1.23 | 1.52 | -0.80 | -0.34 |
6. Choose and environmental topic when I can choose a topic for an assignment in school. | 2.61 | 1.12 | 1.25 | 0.21 | -0.61 |
7. Talk with my parents about how to do something about environmental problems. | 2.88 | 1.19 | 1.42 | 0.09 | -0.85 |
8. Ask others about things I can do about environmental problems. | 2.56 | 1.19 | 1.42 | 0.33 | -0.77 |
9. Walk for transportation. | 3.18 | 1.18 | 1.39 | -0.18 | -0.80 |
10. Bike for transportation. | 1.96 | 1.10 | 1.21 | 0.96 | 0.02 |
Climate change anxiety scale | 1-5 | ||||
1. Thinking about climate change makes it difficult for me to concentrate. | 2.24 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.37 | -0.37 |
2. Thinking about climate change makes it difficult for me to sleep. | 1.81 | 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.92 | 0.46 |
3. I have nightmares about climate change. | 1.41 | 0.70 | 0.49 | 1.80 | 3.33 |
4. I find myself crying because of climate change. | 1.29 | 0.62 | 0.38 | 2.16 | 4.03 |
5. I think, “why can't I handle climate change better?” | 1.78 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.97 | 0.17 |
6. I go away by myself and think about why I feel this way about climate change. | 1.60 | 0.82 | 0.68 | 1.32 | 1.25 |
7. I write down my thoughts about climate change and analyze them. | 1.34 | 0.71 | 0.50 | 2.28 | 4.97 |
8. I think, “why do I react to climate change this way?” | 1.66 | 0.92 | 0.84 | 1.40 | 1.52 |
9. I wish I behaved more sustainably. | 3.47 | 1.03 | 1.06 | -0.54 | 0.14 |
10. I recycle. | 3.80 | 1.10 | 1.22 | -0.56 | -0.49 |
11. I turn off lights. | 4.50 | 0.70 | 0.49 | -1.45 | 2.43 |
12. I try to reduce my behaviors that contribute to climate change. | 3.90 | 0.93 | 0.86 | -0.61 | 0.21 |
13. I feel guilty if I waste energy. | 3.40 | 1.04 | 1.07 | -0.05 | -0.54 |
14. I believe I can do something to help address the problem of climate change. | 3.20 | 1.00 | 1.01 | -0.02 | -0.31 |
15. I have been directly affected by climate change. | 2.46 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 0.31 | -0.43 |
16. I know someone who has been directly affected by climate change. | 2.08 | 1.18 | 1.39 | 0.76 | -0.51 |
17. I have noticed a change in a place that is important to me due to climate change. | 2.79 | 1.20 | 1.44 | -0.04 | -0.94 |
18. My concerns about climate change make it hard for me to have fun with my family or friends. | 1.58 | 0.78 | 0.61 | 1.17 | 0.69 |
19. I have problems balancing my concerns about sustainability with the needs of my family. | 1.76 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 1.09 | 0.63 |
20. My concerns about climate change interfere with my ability to get work or school assignments done. | 1.42 | 0.68 | 0.46 | 1.59 | 2.02 |
21. My concerns about climate change undermine my ability to work to my potential. | 1.44 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 1.67 | 2.50 |
22. My friends say I think about climate change too much. | 1.42 | 0.79 | 0.62 | 2.07 | 4.32 |
Climate change perceptions scale | 1-7 | ||||
1. I believe that climate change is real. | 6.68 | 0.78 | 0.61 | -3.35 | 13.83 |
2. Climate change is occurring. | 6.57 | 1.12 | 1.25 | -3.42 | 11.93 |
3. Human activities are a major cause of climate change. | 6.29 | 1.05 | 1.11 | -1.93 | 4.57 |
4. Climate change is mostly caused by human activity. | 6.38 | 1.01 | 1.03 | -1.96 | 4.09 |
5. The main causes of climate change are human activities. | 6.31 | 1.07 | 1.15 | -1.99 | 4.43 |
6. Overall, climate change will bring more negative than positive consequences to the world. | 6.62 | 0.85 | 0.72 | -2.70 | 7.85 |
7. Climate change will bring about serious negative consequences. | 6.63 | 0.85 | 0.73 | -3.22 | 13.26 |
8. The consequences of climate change will be very serious. | 6.69 | 0.73 | 0.53 | -2.90 | 9.61 |
Climate change hope scale | 0-7 | ||||
1. I believe people will be able to stop global warming. | 3.86 | 1.77 | 3.13 | 0.11 | -0.87 |
2. I believe scientists will be able to find ways to solve problems caused by climate change. | 4.17 | 1.70 | 2.89 | 0.02 | -0.84 |
3. Even when some people give up, I know there will be people who will continue to try to solve problems caused by climate change. | 4.99 | 1.75 | 3.07 | -0.47 | -0.67 |
4. Because people can learn from our mistakes, we will influence climate change in a positive direction. | 3.93 | 1.84 | 3.40 | 0.07 | -0.96 |
5. Every day, more people care about problems caused by climate change. | 4.60 | 1.67 | 2.79 | -0.22 | -0.74 |
6. If everyone works together, we can solve problems caused by climate change. | 5.32 | 1.66 | 2.76 | -0.87 | 0.08 |
7. At the present time, I am energetically pursuing ways to solve problems caused by climate change. | 3.63 | 1.64 | 2.70 | 0.13 | -0.54 |
8. I know that there are many things that I can do to help solve problems caused by climate change. | 4.88 | 1.76 | 3.11 | -0.42 | -0.80 |
Climate change despair scale | 0-7 | ||||
1. I feel helpless to solve problems caused by climate change. | 3.85 | 1.83 | 3.36 | 0.11 | -0.84 |
2. The actions I can take are too small to help solve problems caused by climate change. | 4.06 | 1.98 | 3.93 | -0.02 | -1.08 |
3. Problems caused by climate change are out of my control. | 3.72 | 1.89 | 3.55 | 0.23 | -0.94 |
4. Climate change is such a complex problem, we will never be able to solve it. | 3.01 | 1.67 | 2.80 | 0.52 | -0.55 |
RMSEA CI90% | ||||||||||||
χ2 | DF | χ2/DF | IFI | TLI | CFI | GFI | SRMR | RMSEA | LO90 | HI90 | AIC | |
Three factors, 10 items | 226.88 | 32 | 7.09 | 0.878 | 0.828 | 0.877 | 0.913 | 0.079 | 0.107 | 0.094 | 0.120 | 272.88 |
Three factors, 10 items, three correlations between errors | 79.99 | 29 | 2.76 | 0.968 | 0.950 | 0.968 | 0.971 | 0.050 | 0.057 | 0.043 | 0.063 | 131.99 |
χ2 | df | χ2/df | RMSEA (CI) | CFI | IFI | SRMR | Comparisions | ΔRMSEA | ΔCFI | ΔSRMR | |
Configural invariance | 132.56 | 87 | 1.52 | 0.031 (0.020-0.042) | 0.971 | 0.972 | 0.062 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Metric invariance | 156.47 | 101 | 1.54 | 0.032 (0.022-0.042) | 0.965 | 0.966 | 0.063 | Configural vs metric | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Scalar invariance | 167.87 | 113 | 1.49 | 0.030 (0.020-0.039) | 0.966 | 0.966 | 0.064 | Metric vs Scalar | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Error variance invariance | 198.94 | 139 | 1.43 | 0.028 (0.019-0.037) | 0.962 | 0.962 | 0.065 | Scalar vs error variance | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.001 |
RMSEA CI90% | ||||||||||||
χ2 | DF | χ2/DF | IFI | TLI | CFI | GFI | SRMR | RMSEA | LO90 | HI90 | AIC | |
Second order model, four factors, 22 items | 742.24 | 205 | 3.62 | 0.873 | 0.856 | 0.872 | 0.879 | 0.078 | 0.070 | 0.065 | 0.076 | 838.24 |
Second order model, four factors, 22 items, six correlations between errors | 485.66 | 199 | 2.44 | 0.932 | 0.921 | 0.932 | 0.922 | 0.061 | 0.052 | 0.046 | 0.058 | 593.66 |
Four factors, 22 items | 715.39 | 203 | 3.52 | 0.879 | 0.861 | 0.878 | 0.881 | 0.074 | 0.069 | 0.063 | 0.074 | 815.39 |
Four factors, 22 items, six correlations between errors | 467.31 | 197 | 2.37 | 0.936 | 0.924 | 0.936 | 0.925 | 0.057 | 0.051 | 0.045 | 0.057 | 579.31 |
χ2 | df | χ2/df | RMSEA (CI) | CFI | IFI | SRMR | Comparisions |
Δ RMSEA |
Δ CFI |
Δ SRMR |
|
Configural invariance | 963.13 | 591 | 1.63 | 0.034 (0.030-0.038) | 0.914 | 0.916 | 0.084 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Metric invariance | 1008.80 | 627 | 1.61 | 0.034 (0.030-0.038) | 0.912 | 0.913 | 0.091 | Configural vs metric | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.007 |
Scalar invariance | 1035.26 | 647 | 1.60 | 0.034 (0.030-0.037) | 0.911 | 0.911 | 0.095 | Metric vs Scalar | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.004 |
Error variance invariance | 1195.64 | 703 | 1.70 | 0.036 (0.033-0.040) | 0.887 | 0.886 | 0.093 | Scalar vs error variance | 0.002 | 0.024 | 0.002 |
Pearson’s correlations | |||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | α | ω | CR | AVE | Mean (SD) | |
1. Cognitive emotional impairment | 0.68 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.87 | 0.46 | 1.64 (0.56) | |||
2. Behavioral engagement | 0.324** | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.79 | 0.40 | 3.71 (0.59) | ||
3. Personal experience climate change | 0.481** | 0.408** | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 0.69 | 1.05 (0.41) | |
4. Functional impairment | 0.651** | 0.262** | 0.487** | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.64 | 1.53 (0.62) |
χ2 | df | χ2/df | RMSEA (CI) | CFI | IFI | SRMR | Comparisions |
Δ RMSEA |
Δ CFI |
Δ SRMR |
|
Configural invariance | 112.62 | 51 | 2.21 | 0.048 (0.036-0.060) | 0.980 | 0.980 | 0.060 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Metric invariance | 159.88 | 61 | 2.62 | 0.055 (0.045-0.066) | 0.967 | 0.968 | 0.105 | Configural vs metric | 0.007 | 0.013 | 0.045 |
Scalar invariance | 186.08 | 65 | 2.86 | 0.059 (0.049-0.069) | 0.960 | 0.960 | 0.104 | Metric vs scalar | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Error variance invariance | 200.55 | 67 | 2.99 | 0.061 (0.052-0.071) | 0.956 | 0.956 | 0.085 | Scalar vs error variance | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.019 |
Pearson’s correlations | |||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | α | ω | CR | AVE | Mean (SD) | |
1. Total | 0.75 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.57 | 6.52 (0.70) | |||
2. Reality | 0.688** | 0.86 | 0.62 | a | 0.85 | 0.74 | 6.63 (0.82) | ||
3. Causes | 0.873** | 0.369** | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 6.33 (0.99) | |
4. Consequences | 0.856** | 0.504** | 0.598** | 0.89 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.92 | 0.80 | 6.64 (0.72) |
RMSEA CI90% | ||||||||||||
χ2 | DF | χ2/DF | IFI | TLI | CFI | GFI | SRMR | RMSEA | LO90 | HI90 | AIC | |
One factor, 8 items | 166.38 | 20 | 8.32 | 0.911 | 0.875 | 0.911 | 0.922 | 0.053 | 0.117 | 0.101 | 0.134 | 198.38 |
One factor, 8 items, three correlations between errors | 53.68 | 17 | 3.16 | 0.978 | 0.963 | 0.978 | 0.975 | 0.030 | 0.064 | 0.045 | 0.083 | 91.68 |
χ2 | df | χ2/df | RMSEA (CI) | CFI | IFI | SRMR | Comparisions |
Δ RMSEA |
Δ CFI |
Δ SRMR |
|
Configural invariance | 114.82 | 51 | 2.25 | 0.048 (0.037-0.060) | 0.962 | 0.962 | 0.041 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Metric invariance | 121.87 | 65 | 1.88 | 0.041 (0.029-0.052) | 0.966 | 0.966 | 0.045 | Configural vs metric | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Scalar invariance | 123.88 | 67 | 1.85 | 0.040 (0.029-0.051) | 0.966 | 0.966 | 0.045 | Metric vs scalar | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Error variance invariance | 146.84 | 89 | 1.65 | 0.035 (0.025-0.045) | 0.965 | 0.965 | 0.054 | Scalar vs error variance | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.009 |
χ2 | df | χ2/df | RMSEA (CI) | CFI | IFI | SRMR | Comparisions |
Δ RMSEA |
Δ CFI |
Δ SRMR |
|
Configural invariance | 8.10 | 6 | 1.35 | 0.026 (0.000-0.066) | 0.996 | 0.996 | 0.029 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Metric invariance | 8.86 | 10 | 0.89 | 0.000 (0.000-0.043) | 1.000 | 1.002 | 0.032 | Configural vs metric | 0.026 | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Scalar invariance | 11.76 | 12 | 0.98 | 0.000 (0.000-0.043) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.037 | Metric vs scalar | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 |
Error variance invariance | 28.46 | 22 | 1.29 | 0.023 (0.000-0.043) | 0.989 | 0.989 | 0.037 | Scalar vs error variance | 0.023 | 0.011 | 0.000 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | |
1.PEBS_Household_behavior | 1 | ||||||||||||
2.PEBS_Information_seeking | 0.428** | 1 | |||||||||||
3.PEBS_Transportation_choice | 0.276** | 0.284** | 1 | ||||||||||
4.CCAS_Cognitive_emotional_impairment | 0.218** | 0.516** | 0.195** | 1 | |||||||||
5.CCAS_Behavioral_engagement | 0.601** | 0.473** | 0.221** | 0.324** | 1 | ||||||||
6.CCAS_Personal_experience_climate_change | 0.258** | 0.430** | 0.190** | 0.481** | 0.408** | 1 | |||||||
7.CCAS_Functional_impairment | 0.180** | 0.464** | 0.209** | 0.651** | 0.262** | 0.487** | 1 | ||||||
8.CCPS_Total | 0.189** | 0.173** | 00.027 | 0.178** | 0.362** | 0.190** | 00.071 | 1 | |||||
9.CCPS_Reality | 0.141** | 0.129** | 00.051 | 0.138** | 0.297** | 0.182** | 00.049 | 0.688** | 1 | ||||
10.CCPS_Causes | 0.172** | 0.162** | 00.012 | 0.152** | 0.301** | 0.143** | 0.087* | 0.873** | 0.369** | 1 | |||
11.CCPS_Consequences | 0.143** | 0.126** | 00.015 | 0.145** | 0.294** | 0.155** | 0.028 | 0.856** | 0.504** | 0.598** | 1 | ||
12.CCHS_Total | 0.241** | 0.286** | 0.155** | 0.248** | 0.403** | 0.231** | 0.188** | 0.342** | 0.249** | 0.302** | 0.278** | 1 | |
13.CCDS_Total | 0.011 | -0.033 | -0.025 | 0.123** | 0.020 | 0.016 | 0.092* | 0.085* | 0.058 | 0.055 | 0.100* | 0.004 | 1 |
Household behavior | Information seeking | Transportation choice | |||||||
B | EP B | β | B | EP B | β | B | EP B | β | |
Age | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.072 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.097 | |||
Gender | 0.253 | 0.084 | 0.108 | ||||||
Marital status | -0.240 | 0.121 | -0.123 | ||||||
Children | 0.291 | 0.135 | 0.102 | 0.360 | 0.161 | 0.138 | |||
CCAS_Behavioral_engagement | 0.669 | 0.039 | 0.598 | 0.480 | 0.068 | 0.281 | 0.284 | 0.067 | 0.183 |
CCAS_Personal_experience_climate_change | 0.347 | 0.103 | 0.139 | ||||||
CCAS_Functional_impairment | 0.493 | 0.064 | 0.301 | 0.239 | 0.064 | 0.160 | |||
CCHS_total | 0.071 | 0.030 | 0.088 | ||||||
R2 (R2 Adj.) | 0.366 (0.364) | 0.403 (0.395) | 0.082 (0.076) | ||||||
F for change in R2 | 300.339** | 75.167** | 21.066** |
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