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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
supplementary.xlsx (41.28KB )
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
30 October 2023
Posted:
31 October 2023
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Herb or spice | Reference | Study type | Population | Dose and formulation | Length of intervention | Findings | Study Quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardamom | 28 | Single-blind clinical trial | 20 individuals with hypertension | 3g/day in capsules | 12 weeks | BP significantly decreased and fibrinolytic activity increased. Fibrinogen and lipid levels did not change. | Low |
32 | Double-blind RCT | 80 prediabetic subjects | 3g/day in capsules | 8 weeks | Inflammatory markers CRP, CRP:IL-6 ratio and oxidative stress marker MDA were all decreased significantly | High | |
29 | Double-blind RCT | 83 overweight or obese diabetic patients | 3g/day in capsules | 10 weeks | There was an improvement in HbA1c, insulin control and TG and an increase in Sirt1. Cholesterol levels did not change. | High | |
36 | Double-blind RCT | 87 overweight or obese patients with NAFLD | 3g/day in capsules | 12 weeks | Cardamom improved fatty liver grade, blood glucose, lipids and irisin, but BMI, total cholesterol and FBG were not changed. | High | |
37 | Double-blind RCT | 83 pts with type 2 diabetes | 3g/day in capsules | 10 weeks | Cardamom led to a sig decrease in CRP and systolic BP, and an increase in serum NO. Serum ADMA and diastolic BP did not change. | High | |
31 | Double-blind RCT | 83 overweight pts with type 2 diabetes | 3g/day in capsules | 10 weeks | VCAM, ICAM, E-selectin and IL-6 were sig decreased in the cardamom group. MMP-9 and CD163 levels were unchanged. | High | |
35 | Double-blind RCT | 87 pts with NAFLD | 3g/day in capsules | 12 weeks | Cardamom sig increased Sirt1 and decreased inflammatory markers hs-CRP, IL-6, TNFα and liver marker ALT, as well as improving the degree of fatty liver. Weight, BMI and AST did not change. | High | |
34 | Double-blind RCT | 194 obese women with PCOS | 3g/day in capsules | 16 weeks | Anthropometric indices decreased. Glycemic indices and androgen hormones improved. | High | |
33 | Double-blind RCT | 194 obese women with PCOS | 3g/day in capsules | 16 weeks | LH, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone were decreased. FSH increased. Inflammatory markers TNFα, IL-6 and CRP were decreased | High | |
Chilli | 42 | Cross-over clinical trial | 7 healthy volunteers | 30g fresh chilli | Single dose | A combination of chilli and medium-chain TG sig increased diet-induced thermogenesis | Low |
38 | Randomized cross-over study | 36 healthy participants | 30g/day chilli in food | 8 weeks | When participants with a BMI >26 consumed a chilli-containing meal after 4 weeks of daily chilli, there was reduced C-peptide and insulin and higher hepatic clearance of insulin. But blood glucose and energy expended were not sig changed. | High | |
39 | Randomized cross-over study | 27 healthy adults | 30g/day chilli in food | 8 weeks | Consumption of chilli increased the resistance of lipoproteins to oxidation, but had no effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins and total antioxidant score. | Low | |
40 | Randomized cross-over study | 36 healthy participants | 30g/day chilli in food | 8 weeks | There were no effects on metabolic or vascular parameters (glucose, lipids, BP, insulin). However, in men, chilli decreased resting heart rate and increased myocardial perfusion time. | High | |
9 | Randomized cross-over study | 34 healthy overweight volunteers | Meal containing chilli with 5.82mg total capsaicinoids | Single dose | Chilli decreased post-prandial insulin when added to a meal. Metabolic rate, core temperature, CRP and microvascular reactivity were unchanged. | Low | |
46 | Cross-over clinical trial | 40 healthy adults | 0.6g in food | Single dose | Eating a meal with chilli in increased the desire to eat sweet food, but had no impact on energy intake | Low | |
45 | Randomized cross-over study | 12 healthy adults | 10mg capsaicinoids/day in capsules | 5 weeks | There was no change in anthropometric and metabolic measurements from chilli consumption. Chilli increased the firmicutes/bacteroidetes ratio and faecalibacterium abundance that coincided with the increase of plasma levels of GLP-1 and GIP and the decrease of plasma ghrelin level. Benefits were linked to gut enterotypes. | Low | |
47 | Double-blind RCT | 42 pregnant women with gestational diabetes | 1.25g/day added to food | 4 weeks | Postprandial glucose, insulin and insulin resistance were sig reduced by chilli. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride were also reduced by chilli. Serum calcitonin gene-related peptide was sig increased by chilli. When the babies were born, chilli had sig reduced the incidence of large-for-gestational age newborns. | High | |
49 | Prospective cohort study | 12970 healthy adults | <20g/day up to >50g/day in food | 9 years | Chilli intake was inversely associated with risk of hypertension in Chinese adults | ||
48 | Prospective cohort study | 12970 healthy adults | <20g/day up to >50g/day in food | 9 years | There was a positive association between chilli intake and energy intake, however, chilli consumption was inversely associated with incidence of overweight/obesity | ||
41 | Cross-over clinical trial | 12 healthy adults | 5g in capsules | Single dose | When 5g of chilli was administered in a capsule after a glucose challenge, plasma glucose levels were sig lower after 30 and 45 mins than those in the placebo group. Insulin levels in the chilli group were sig higher than in the placebo group at 1 and 2 hours after glucose challenge. | Low | |
43 | Single-blind, randomized, cross-over trial | 14 healthy volunteers | 3.09g/day in food | 36 hours | Chilli increased fat oxidation and prevented reductions in sleeping metabolic rate, diet-induced thermogenesis or resting energy expenditure that were caused by restricting food intake. This indicates a potential beneficial effect in dieting individuals. There was no effect of chilli on BP | Low | |
44 | Single-blinded, randomized, cross-over design | 15 healthy adults | 3.09g/day in food | 36 hours | Chilli significantly decreased the desire to eat and increased satiety and fullness, particularly when participants under-ate. | Low | |
Cinnamon | 59 | Single-blind randomized cross-over study | 8 sedentary, healthy males | 3g/day in capsules | 2 weeks | Cinnamon reduced glucose response to a glucose challenge and improved insulin sensitivity, but effects were not long-lasting once cinnamon consumption ceases. | High |
74 | Double-blind RCT | 25 post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes | 1.5g/day in capsules | 7 weeks | Cinnamon did not improve fasting plasma glucose or insulin concentrations, whole-body oral glucose tolerance, or blood lipid profiles | Low | |
58 | Randomized cross-over study | 7 lean, healthy adults | 5g in capsules | Single dose | Cinnamon reduced plasma glucose responses to glucose tolerance tests and improved insulin sensitivity | Low | |
53 | Randomized cross-over study | 15 healthy adults | 1 or 3g/day in food | Single dose | Ingestion of 3 g cinnamon reduced postprandial serum insulin and increased GLP-1 concentrations without significantly affecting blood glucose, GIP, the ghrelin concentration, satiety, or GER in healthy subjects. 1g did not have an effect | High | |
55 | Single-blind randomized cross-over study | 9 healthy young adults | 3g in capsules | Single dose | 3 g cinnamon did not alter the postprandial response to a high-fat test meal. No change in gastric emptying, glucose response, arterial function, oxidative stress or appetite. | High | |
87 | Double-blind cross-over RCT | 10 individuals with impaired glucose tolerance | 6g in capsules | Single dose | No sig differences in glucose or insulin responses compared with placebo | High | |
88 | Double-blind cross-over RCT | 10 young, sedentary obese women | 5g in capsules | Single dose | Peak blood glucose was lower in the cinnamon group, but blood insulin and insulin sensitivity/resistance were not affected. | High | |
71 | Double-blind RCT | 26 pts with type 2 diabetes | 1g/day in capsules | 12 weeks | Cinnamon sig reduced FBG by 6 weeks that this was maintained for the whole 12 weeks of the study. The decrease in HbA1c was not significant. Serum glutathione and superoxide dismutase were sig increased by cinnamon at 12 weeks, while MDA was sig reduced, indicating an overall antioxidant effect. | Low | |
54 | Randomized cross-over study | 30 healthy obese or normal weight individuals | 6g powder in food | Single dose | Cinnamon sig reduced blood glucose in obese and healthy weight individuals | Low | |
51 | Randomized clinical trial | 30 healthy adults | 100ml cinnamon tea | Single dose | Cinnamon sig decreased postprandial maximal glucose level | Low | |
52 | Crossover clinical study | 14 healthy individuals | 6g powder in food | Single dose | Cinnamon sig reduced the postprandial glucose response and the gastric emptying rate. | Low | |
50 | Randomized crossover study | 10 healthy individuals | 6g in food | Single dose | Cassia cinnamon, but not Ceylon cinnamon, reduced postprandial insulin and glucose responses | Low | |
83 | Double-blind RCT | 45 women with PCOS | 1.5g/day in capsules | 24 weeks | Menstrual cyclicity improved for women taking cinnamon with no effect on insulin resistance or serum androgens | High | |
64 | Single-blind RCT | 109 adults with diabetes | 1g/day in capsules | 12 weeks | Cinnamon lowered HbA1c | High | |
72 | Single-blind RCT | 60 patients with type 2 diabetes | 1.5g/day | 12 weeks | Cinnamon had no impact on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, or serum lipids | ||
63 | Double-blind RCT | 43 individuals with diabetes | 1g/day in capsules | 12 weeks | Cinnamon produced no significant change in fasting glucose, lipid, A1C, or insulin levels | High | |
86 | Double-blind RCT | 50 pts with NAFLD | 1.5g/day in capsules | 12 weeks | significant decreases in HOMA index, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, ALT, AST, GGT, and high-sensitivity CRP with cinnamon | High | |
73 | Double-blind RCT | 39 adults with diabetes | 3g/day in capsules | 8 weeks | Cinnamon had no effect on glycaemic and inflammatory markers | High | |
69 | Double-blind RCT | 44 adults with diabetes | 3g/day in capsules | 8 weeks | Cinnamon had no effect on soluble vascular adhesion molecules | High | |
84 | Single-blind RCT | 40 women with PCOS | 1.5g of Ceylon cinnamon in capsules | 8 weeks | Sig improvement in cyclicity with cinnamon, which was equivalent to metformin. No change in fasting blood glucose or serum progesterone or androgen levels. | High | |
65 | Double-blind RCT | 39 adults with diabetes | 3g/day in capsules | 8 weeks | Cinnamon had no effect on inflammatory markers | High | |
61 | Double-blind RCT | 57 adolescents with diabetes | 1g/day in capsules | 12 weeks | Cinnamon had no effect on A1c or insulin sensitivity | High | |
60 | Double-blind RCT | 58 patients with type 2 diabetes | 2g/day in capsules | 12 weeks | Intake of 2g of cinnamon significantly reduced the HbA1c, SBP and DBP among poorly controlled type 2 diabetes patients | High | |
75 | Double-blind RCT | 59 adults with type 2 diabetes | 1.2g/day in capsules | 12 weeks | There was no significant change in SBP from baseline when cinnamon was compared with placebo | High | |
76 | Double-blind RCT | 136 individuals with type 2 diabetes | 1.5g/day in capsules | 90 days | HbA1c was sig reduced by cinnamon, but there was no effect on FBG. | High | |
77 | Double-blind RCT | 61 pts with type 2 diabetes | 2g/day in capsules | 8 weeks | Cinnamon did not sig improve FBG, HbA1c, blood lipids | High | |
79 | Double-blind RCT | 84 overweight individuals with PCOS | 1.5g/day in capsules | 8 weeks | Cinnamon increased serum antioxidant capacity, and improved total cholesterol, LDL and HDL | High | |
80 | Double-blind RCT | 84 overweight individuals with PCOS | 1.5g in capsules | 8 weeks | Cinnamon significantly decreased serum FBG, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and weight and increased HDL-cholesterol compared with placebo | High | |
68 | Triple-blinde RCT | 105 pts with type 2 diabetes | 1g/day in capsules | 12 weeks | Cinnamon sig improved glucose control and reduced BMI | High | |
70 | Double-blind RCT | 115 pts with type 2 diabetes | 0.5g/day in capsules | 12 weeks | Cinnamon sig reduced FBG, HbA1c and hepatic enzymes. Probiotics were also effective. | High | |
66 | Double-blind RCT | 60 people with type 2 diabetes | 1, 3, or 6g/day in capsules | 40 days | Intake of 1, 3, or 6g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, and total cholesterol inpeople with type 2 diabetes | High | |
85 | Double-blind RCT | 116 Asian Indians with metabolic syndrome | 3g/day | 16 weeks | FBG, HbA1c, waist circumference, and BMI were significantly reduced by cinnamon. Waist-hip ratio, BP, serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol were also sig improved. | High | |
67 | Triple-blind RCT | 160 people with type 2 diabetes | 3g/day | 12 weeks | Cinnamon reduced HbA1c and blood glucose | High | |
78 | Triple-blind RCT | 140 patients with diabetes | 1g/day | 12 weeks | Cinnamon supplementation led to improvement of all anthropometric (BMI, body fat, and visceral fat), glycemic (FBG, 2hpp, HbA1C, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance), and lipids (cholesterol, LDL-c and HDL-c) outcomes (except for triglycerides) | High | |
82 | Double-blind RCT | 59 women with PCOS | 1.5g/day | 12 weeks | fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, LDL and HDL were sig reduced in the cinnamon group. Changes in blood sugar, serum androgen levels and anthropometric measures were not significant. | High | |
57 | Open, randomized, cross-over clinical trial | 21 healthy volunteers | 2g in 200ml hot water | Single dose | No sig difference in energy expenditure, dietary-induced thermogenesis, hunger fullness and desire to eat. However, cinnamon tea decreased satiety and increased food intake in the subsequent meal. | Low | |
56 | Randomized cross-over study | 18 healthy adults | 4g | Single dose | Cinnamon decreased blood glucose and satiety 15 min after test meal, but didn't decrease blood sugar overall. | Low | |
Cinnamon and ginger | 81 | Double-blind RCT | 83 women with PCOS | 1.5g of cinnamon or ginger | 8 weeks | Cinnamon and ginger both sig decreased weight and BMI. Insulin resistance decreased, but only in the cinnamon group. FSH and LH sig decreased in the ginger group, while testosterone was sig reduced in the cinnamon group. | High |
Cinnamon, cardamom, saffron, ginger | 62 | Single-blind RCT | 208 pts with type 2 diabetes | 3g | 8 weeks | No significant difference in BP, serum soluble (s)ICAM-1 concentrations and anthropometric measures | High |
Cumin | 92 | Randomized clinical trial | 88 overweight/obese women | 6g/day | 12 weeks | Cumin powder reduced serum levels of fasting cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL and increased HDL. Weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass and its percentage significantly reduced | High |
Cumin and cinnamon | 89 | Double-blind RCT | 99 women with dyslipidemia | 3g/day | 8 weeks | Cumin and cinnamon both sig reduced total cholesterol compared with placebo. Differences in triglycerides, HDL and LDL were not significant. | High |
Fennel and fenugreek | 93 | Single-blinded cross-over trial | 9 healthy women | 2g fennel infused in 250ml of water and strained. 24g of fenugreek, infused in 250ml of water and strained. | Single dose (with 1-week washout between each arm of the study) | Both fennel and fenugreek increased feelings of fullness and decreased desire to eat food, however, there were no changes in amount of food consumed after drinking either tea compared with placebo tea. | Low |
Fenugreek | 112 | Clinical trial | 20 adults with hypercholesterolemia | 12.5-18g/day | 4 weeks | Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol sig decreased at both doses. | Low |
108 | Clinical trial | pts with type 1 diabetes | 100g/day | 10 days | Fenugreek sig reduced fasting blood sugar, improved glucose tolerance, and reduced LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides | ||
104 | Clinical trial | Type 2 diabetics | 15g | Single dose | Postprandial glucose was sig decreased, but there was no impact on insulin or lipids | ||
95 | Double-blind RCT | 13 healthy volunteers | 3g/day | 10 days | Fenugreek improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (as shown by reduction in melanin-concentrating hormone) | High | |
94 | Double-blind cross-over RCT | 10 healthy volunteers and 6 pts with type 2 diabetes | Bread with 10% fenugreek | Single dose | Adding fenugreek (1 part to 9 parts of wheat flour) reduced the glycaemic response and GI of bread in both healthy volunteers and diabetics | Low | |
102 | Clinical trial | 18 pts with type 2 diabetes | 10g/day | 8 weeks | FBS, TG and VLDL-C decreased significantly (25 %, 30 % and 30.6 % respectively) after taking fenugreek seed soaked in hot water whereas there were no significantly changes in lab parameters in cases who consumed it mixed with yoghurt | Low | |
103 | Double-blind RCT | 8 pts with diabetes | 5.6g in bread | Single dose | Blood glucose was not changed, but total insulin concentration decreased | High | |
96 | Randomized cross-over study | 10 healthy adults | Bread with 10% fenugreek | Single dose | Adding fenugreek reduced the glycaemic response and GI of bread | Low | |
105 | Randomized clinical trial | 12 pts with uncontrolled diabetes | 2g/day | 12 weeks | Blood glucose was not changed, but fasting insulin level increased significantly. The ratio of HDL:LDL sig decreased | Low | |
110 | Parallel randomized study | 48 pts with type 2 diabetes | 15g/day fenugreek powder | 8 weeks | Fenugreek sig decreased CRP and increased superoxide dismutase. There was no effect on glutathione peroxidase activity, total antioxidant capacity, IL-6 or TNFα | High | |
109 | Clinical trial | 60 type 2 diabetics | 25g/day | 24 weeks | Serum cholesterol and triglyceride were sig reduced | Low | |
97 | Cross-sectional observational study | 25 patients with type 2 diabetes | 5g/day | 12 weeks | Fasting blood glucose was decreased significantly by month 2. Postprandial blood glucose level was sig lower by month 3. | ||
99 | Parallel randomized study | 50 pts with type 2 diabetes | 15g/day fenugreek powder | 8 weeks | Fenugreek sig decreased fasting blood glucose, and liver enzymes, serum ALT and alkaline phosphatase, compared with baseline. Compared with control group, SBP, AST and irisin (a marker of metabolic health) were decreased. | High | |
98 | RCT | 114 pts with type 2 diabetes | 50g/day | 4 weeks | Fenugreek improved lipid metabolism | Low | |
113 | Double-blind RCT | 56 adults with borderline hyperlipidemia | 8g/day | 8 weeks | TG, LDL, total cholesterol and FBG were sig decreased by fenugreek | High | |
106 | Triple-blind RCT | 88 pts with type 2 diabetes | 10g/day | 8 weeks | Fenugreek seeds significantly decreased FBG and HbA1c, serum levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol and TG and increased serum levels of adiponectin | High | |
100 | Double-blind RCT | 125 pts with type 2 diabetes | 10g/day | 8 weeks | Fenugreek alone and fenugreek combined with nutrition training sig decreased FBG, HbA1c, BMI and waist circumference compared with placebo. | High | |
101 | Double-blind RCT | 62 pts with type 2 diabetes | 10g/day fenugreek powder | 8 weeks | Fenugreek sig improved mean FBG, HgA1C, BMI, waist circumference, DBP, and quality of life | High | |
107 | Randomized cross-over study | 8 healthy individuals | 25g | single dose | Fenugreek seeds sig reduced the rise in blood glucose and insulin caused by a meal. | Low | |
Garlic | 117 | Clinical trial | 40 patients with metabolic syndrome | 100mg/kg bodyweight crushed garlic | 4 weeks | Raw crushed garlic significantly reduced waist circumference, SBP and DBP, TG, FBG and significantly increased serum HDL cholesterol. There was no significant difference found in BMI | Low |
120 | Clinical trial | 4 healthy adults | 40g fresh garlic | 1 week | Garlic sig reduced the serum cholesterol and triglycerides when consumed with a high-fat diet | Low | |
121 | Clinical trial | 20 healthy individuals | 3g/day | 90 days | Garlic sig reduced total cholesterol and LDL, but had no impact on toal bacterial faecal count | ||
119 | Single-blind randomized cross-over study | 18 healthy volunteers | 4.2g | 1 week | Baseline values of platelet function were within normal range in all volunteers. Platelet function was not impaired by single and repeated oral consumption of Greek tsatsiki containing raw garlic | Low | |
116 | Randomized clinical trial | 112 hyperlipidemic patients | 20g/day | 8 weeks | Garlic and a combination of garlic and lemon sig reduced blood lipids (total cholesterol, TG and LDL) and BP, while increasing HDL. | Low | |
114 | Retrospective cohort study | 101 healthy adults | There was a significant association between people who eat higher levels of garlic in the diet and those with lower SBP. 232g garlic/month = <100mmHg vs 148g garlic/month = >120mmHg | ||||
118 | Double-blind RCT | 90 overweight smokers | 2.1g/day | 12 weeks | Garlic had no significant effect on inflammatory biomarkers, endothelial function, or lipid profile in normolipidemic subjects with risk factors for CVD | High | |
125 | Double-blind RCT | 90 pts with NAFLD | 1.6g/day | 12 weeks | Garlic decreased hepatic steatosis, liver enzymes and blood lipids (total cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL) | High | |
124 | Double-blind RCT | 90 pts with NAFLD | 1.6g/day | 12 weeks | Waist circumference, body fat, FBG, insulin and insulin resistance sig improved. Skeletal muscle mass increased and antioxidant capacity increased. | High | |
123 | Double-blind RCT | 90 pts with metabolic syndrome | 1.6g/day | 12 weeks | Garlic increased HDL. Sig decreases in waist circumference, BP, TG, insulin and appetite. | High | |
115 | Cross-sectional cohort study | 22812 adults | Raw garlic | There was an inverse association between higher garlic intake and prehypertension | |||
Garlic and coriander seed | 91 | Single-blind RCT | 80 pts with hyperlipidemia | 2g/day | 40 days | Garlic and coriander improved BMI, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL. Garlic powder was more effective than coriander | Low |
Ginger | 143 | Double-blind RCT | 160 obese children with NAFLD | 1g/day | 12 weeks | Serum FBG and CRP, BMI, waist circumference, AST, hepatic steatosis, total cholesterol and LDL sig decreased with ginger. | High |
127 | Placebo-controlled study | 23 healthy male volunteers | 1g | Single dose | Ginger had no effect on thermoregulatory function, but increased fat utilisation in the morning | High | |
126 | Randomized cross-over study | 18 healthy volunteers | 15g raw ginger or 40g cooked ginger | 2 weeks | Ginger did not affect thromboxane production | High | |
128 | Randomised cross-over study | 10 healthy men | 2 g | 2 days | Ginger significantly enhanced thermogenesis and reduced hunger and food intake. | Low | |
139 | Double-blind RCT | 20 60-year-old patients with diabetes | 3 g | 12 weeks | Significant improvements found in blood glucose, insulin resistance, inflammatory and oxidative markers (CRP and MDA). | High | |
140 | Double-blind RCT | 45 diabetic patients | 2g/day | 10 weeks | Ginger supplementation decreased ADMA serum levels (although this change wasn't sig different to placebo), but had no effect on sICAM-1. | High | |
144 | Double-blind RCT | 50 pts with NAFLD | 1.5g/day of ginger | 12 weeks | No sig difference between ginger and placebo for anthropometric measurements or liver markers. However, FBG and insulin resistance were sig improved by ginger. Serum lipids (total cholesterol and LDL) and CRP sig decreased in the ginger group. | High | |
141 | Double-blind RCT | 45 diabetic patients | 2g/day | 10 weeks | No effect of ginger on anthropometric measurements or NFκB | High | |
135 | Double-blind RCT | 64 pts with type 2 diabetes | 2g/day | 8 weeks | TNFα and hs-CRP were sig reduced by ginger. IL-6 was reduced by ginger compared with baseline, but not sig compared with placebo | High | |
134 | Double-blind RCT | 64 pts with diabetes | 2g/day | 8 weeks | Ginger supplementation significantly lowered the levels of insulin, LDL-cholesterol, TG and the HOMA index and increased the QUICKI index, but had no effect on FBG, total cholesterol, HDL-C and HbA1c. | High | |
138 | Double-blind RCT | 88 diabetics | 3g/day | 8 weeks | Ginger improved fasting blood glucose, insulin levels and insulin sensitivity | High | |
129 | Double-blind RCT | 80 healthy obese women | 2g/day | 12 weeks | Ginger decreased anthropometric measurements and appetite | High | |
137 | Double-blind RCT | 70 women with gestational diabetes | 1.5g/day | 6 weeks | Ginger treatment significantly reduced the levels of FBS, serum insulin and HOMA index, but did not affect postprandial blood sugar | High | |
131 | Double-blind RCT | 70 Obese women | 2g/day | 12 weeks | Ginger sig reduced blood glucose, total cholesterol, TG and LDL/HDL, while increasing MDA and HDL. Body weight, waist circumference and BMI were also sig reduced without any difference in energy and macronutrient intake between groups. | High | |
145 | Pilot double-blind RCT | 60 hypothyroid patients with normal serum TSH | 1g/day | 30 days | Ginger sig reduced the thyroid symptom score. Additionally, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, appetite, memory loss, concentration disturbance, and feeling giddy or dizzy domains also sig improved. Ginger supplementation also led to a significant decrease in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, serum TSH, FBG, TG, and total cholesterol levels compared to the placebo. | High | |
136 | Double-blind RCT | 70 pts with type 2 diabetes | 1.6 g | 12 weeks | Ginger sig reduced multiple markers of metabolic health (blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, cholesterol) and inflammation (CRP and prostaglandin). | High | |
130 | Double-blind RCT | 80 Obese women | 2g | 12 weeks | Statistically significant reduction in BMI, serum insulin and HOMA-IR. | High | |
132 | Double-blind RCT | 103 pts with diabetes | 1.2g/day | 12 weeks | Ginger sig reduced fasting blood glucose and total cholesterol | High | |
133 | Double-blind RCT | 41 pts with type 2 diabetes | 2g/day | 12 weeks | Ginger supplementation significantly reduced the levels of fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I and MDA in ginger group in comparison to baseline, as well as control group, while it increased the level of apolipoprotein A-I | High | |
142 | Double-blind RCT | 85 pts with hyperlipidemia | 3g/day | 45 days | TG and cholesterol levels were sig lower in the ginger group than placebo. Changes in LDL and HDL were not significant between the two groups | High | |
Ginger and fenugreek | 111 | Placebo-controlled study | 30 patients with coronary artery disease and 30 healthy individuals | 4g/day or 10g one-off dose of ginger. 5g/day fenugreek | 12 weeks | Ginger did not affect platelet aggregation when given at 4g/day, but 10g single dose reduced platelet aggregation. Ginger had no effect on blood sugar or blood lipids. Fenugreek had no effect on cholesterol, TG or blood sugar in healthy individuals, but reduced cholesterol and triglycerides in pts with coronary artery disease and diabetes | Low |
Mustard, black pepper, ginger, horseradish | 27 | Single-blind cross-over trial | 22 young, healthy males | 20g ginger or 1.3g of black pepper | Single dose | Ginger and black pepper had no effect on appetite, energy intake or diet-induced thermogenesis | High |
Nigella seeds | 153 | Double-blind cross-over RCT | 51 pts with metabolic syndrome | 3g/day | 8 weeks | Nigella had no sig effect on BP, weight, waist circumference, FBG and BMI | High |
152 | Double-blind cross-over RCT | 51 pts with metabolic syndrome | 3g/day | 8 weeks | No sig effect of Nigella on blood lipids, apolipoproteins and inflammatory factor | High | |
146 | Double-blind RCT | 30 healthy male volunteers | 1g/day | 4 weeks | Nigella seeds had no effect on glycaemia or insulin. Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were decreased with no effect on triglycerides or HDL-cholesterol. | Low | |
160 | Clinical trial | 94 pts with type 2 diabetes | 1, 2 or 3g/day | 12 weeks | Sig reductions in FBG, postprandial glucose, HbA1c and insulin resistance from 2g/day. No effect on serum C-peptide or body weight. | Low | |
151 | Placebo-controlled study | 35 menopausal women with metabolic syndrome | 1g/day | 8 weeks | No sig change in body weight. Nigella sig reduced FBG. Total cholesterol, TG and LDL were sig reduced. HDL change wasn't sig. | Low | |
155 | Randomized controlled trial | 37 menopausal women with moderate risk of hyperlipidemia | 1g/day | 8 weeks | Sig decrease in hyperlipidemia from Nigella | Low | |
158 | Single-blind, non-randomized trial | 114 pts with type 2 diabetes | 2g/day | one year | N sativa group had a significant decline in TC, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL-C and LDL/HDL ratios, as well as DBP, mean arterial pressure and heart rate. | High | |
156 | Double-blind RCT | 73 adults with hyperlipidemia | 2g/day | 6 weeks | No significant effects were seen for blood sugar or lipids | High | |
149 | Double-blind RCT | 40 pts with Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 2g/day | 8 weeks | Nigella sativa supplementation significantly reduced anthropometric variables including weight, BMI, and waist circumference. Serum TSH and anti-TPO concentrations reduced while serum T3 increased in Nigella sativa treated group. VEGF also decreased significantly in Nigella group. | High | |
161 | Double-blind RCT | 50 pts with NAFLD | 2g/day | 12 weeks | Levels of CRP and NFκB were sig decreased by Nigella. No sig change in hepatic steatosis or TNFα. | High | |
162 | Double-blind RCT | 50 pts with NAFLD | 2g/day | 12 weeks | Sig reduction in glucose, insulin and insulin resistance, but no change to lipid profile. Percentage of hepatic steatosis also decreased | High | |
150 | Double-blind RCT | 40 pts with Hashimoto's thyroiditis | 2g/day | 8 weeks | Nigella seeds sig decreased TG, LDL, weight and BMI, and increased SOD and total antioxidant capacity. | High | |
159 | Double-blind RCT | 114 pts with type 2 diabetes | 2g/day | one year | No change to BMI. Nigella led to a decrease in FBG, HbA1c and insulin resistance | High | |
154 | Double-blind RCT | 140 menopausal women with metabolic syndrome | 500mg/day | 8 weeks | LDL-cholesterol, TG, total cholesterol and FBG decreased significantly | High | |
148 | Double-blind RCT | 39 men with obesity | 3g/day | 12 weeks | There was no change in serum free testosterone, FBG, TG and inflammatory markers. However, body weight, waist circumference and BP did improve. | High | |
157 | Randomized, placebo-controlled trial | 74 individuals with hypercholesterolemia | 2g/day | 4 weeks | Nigella seed sig lowered triglycerides, LDL and cholesterol compared with baseline, but had no effect on blood glucose or HDL. | High | |
Rosemary | 163 | Double-blind RCT | 110 pts with NAFLD | 4g/day | 8 weeks | There were no sig effects on liver enzymes, anthropometric measurements, FBG, insulin, insulin resistance and blood lipids from rosemary when compared with placebo. | High |
Sage | 164 | Non-randomized cross-over trial | 6 healthy female volunteers | 600ml sage tea/day | 4 weeks | No effects on blood glucose, but LDL and total cholesterol decreased, while HDL increased. Lymphocyte hsp70 expression also increased | Low |
Turmeric | 166 | Single-blinded RCT | 42 women with type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia | 2.1g/day | 8 weeks | There was a sig improvement in body composition, lipid profile and glycemic status in the turmeric group and the aerobic training or the aerobic training plus turmeric groups compared with control group. The combined group also had sig lower blood lipids, blood glucose and insulin than turmeric alone group. | High |
170 | Randomized cross-over study | 14 healthy volunteers | 6g | Single dose | Turmeric increased postprandial insulin without affecting plasma glucose | High | |
165 | Open-label, randomized clinical trial | 60 diabetic pts on metformin | 2g/day | 4 weeks | Turmeric sig reduced fasting plasma glucose, but had no effect on post-prandial glucose. Turmeric also increased glutathione, MDA and CRP compared with baseline. LDL cholesterol was sig decreased compared with baseline. | High | |
174 | Double-blind RCT | 46 pts with NAFLD | 3g/day | 12 weeks | Turmeric consumption decreased serum levels of glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and leptin. Changes in weight, BMI and liver enzymes were not significant | High | |
167 | Randomized, single-blinded placebo-controlled trial | 42 hyperlipidemic pts with type 2 diabetes | 2.1g/day | 8 weeks | Turmeric alone and turmeric plus aerobic training sig decreased waist circumference, FBG, TG and BP, while HDL cholesterol increased. Metabolic syndrome Z score and inflammatory markers significantly improved in both turmeric groups. | High | |
168 | Double-blind RCT | 80 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (30-70 years old) | 2.1g turmeric powder | 8 weeks | Turmeric was found to significantly decrease body weight, TG and total cholesterol. | High | |
173 | Double-blind RCT | 64 pts with NAFLD | 2g/day | 8 weeks | Turmeric sig reduced liver enzymes AST, ALT and GGT compared with placebo. Triglycerides, LDL, HDL and MDA sig decreased from baseline, but weren't sig different from placebo. | High | |
169 | Double-blind RCT | 114 pts with type 2 diabetes | 1.2g/day | 12 weeks | Turmeric sig reduced arterial stiffness. No change was found in markers of endothelial function. | High | |
Turmeric and Nigella seed | 147 | Double-blind RCT | 250 healthy men with metabolic syndrome | 1.5g/day Nigella, 2.4g/day turmeric | 8 weeks | Nigella seed led to sig improvement in triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL, but no change to anthropometric measures, blood glucose, BP or inflammation. Turmeric sig improved cholesterol, LDL and inflammation, but not TG, HDL, anthropometric measures, BP or blood glucose. | High |
Turmeric and cinnamon | 90 | Double-blind RCT | 48 people >60 years with prediabetes | 1g turmeric or 2g of cinnamon | Single dose | Co-ingestion of turmeric with white bread increases working memory independent of body fatness, glycaemia, insulin, or AD biomarkers. Cinnamon had no impact on working memory. Use of turmeric or cinnamon regularly had no impact on glycaemia or insulin responses to breakfast | High |
Turmeric and red pepper spice | 171 | Double-blind cross-over RCT | 98 overweight or obese women | 2.8g turmeric/day | 4 weeks | Turmeric does not alter oxidative stress or inflammation in overweight/obese females with systemic inflammation, or cause a significant shift in the global metabolic profile | High |
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