Qi, X.; Zhou, T.; Lyu, W.; He, D.; Sun, Y.; Du, M.; Wang, M.; Li, Z. Front Movement and Sweeping Rules of CO2 Flooding under Different Oil Displacement Patterns. Energies2024, 17, 15.
Qi, X.; Zhou, T.; Lyu, W.; He, D.; Sun, Y.; Du, M.; Wang, M.; Li, Z. Front Movement and Sweeping Rules of CO2 Flooding under Different Oil Displacement Patterns. Energies 2024, 17, 15.
Qi, X.; Zhou, T.; Lyu, W.; He, D.; Sun, Y.; Du, M.; Wang, M.; Li, Z. Front Movement and Sweeping Rules of CO2 Flooding under Different Oil Displacement Patterns. Energies2024, 17, 15.
Qi, X.; Zhou, T.; Lyu, W.; He, D.; Sun, Y.; Du, M.; Wang, M.; Li, Z. Front Movement and Sweeping Rules of CO2 Flooding under Different Oil Displacement Patterns. Energies 2024, 17, 15.
Abstract
CO2 flooding stands as a pivotal technique for significantly enhancing oil recovery in low-permeability reservoirs. The movement and sweeping rules at the front of CO2 flooding play a critical role in its oil recovery, yet a comprehensive quantitative analysis remains an area in need of refinement. In this study, we have developed 1D and 2D numerical simulation models to explore the sweeping behavior of miscible, immiscible, and partly-miscible CO2 flooding patterns. The front position and movement rules of the three CO2 flooding patterns are determined. A novel approach of the contour area calculation method is introduced to quantitatively characterize the sweep coefficients, and the sweeping rules are discussed regarding geological parameters, oil viscosity, and injection-production parameters. Furthermore, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm is employed to identify the controlling factor of the sweep coefficient, as determined by out-of-bag (OOB) data displacement analysis. The results show that the miscible front is located at the point of maximum CO2 content in the oil phase. The immiscible front occurs at the point of maximum interfacial tension near the production well. Remarkably, the immiscible front moves at a faster rate compared to the miscible front. Geological parameters, including porosity, permeability, and reservoir thickness, significantly impact the gravity segregation effect, thereby influencing the CO2 sweep coefficient. Immiscible flooding exhibits the highest degree of gravity segregation, with a maximum gravity segregation degree (GSD) reaching 78.1. The permeability ratio is a crucial factor, with a lower limit of approximately 5.0 for reservoirs suitable for CO2 flooding. Injection-production parameters also play a pivotal role in sweep coefficient. Decreased well spacing and increased gas injection rates are found to enhance sweep coefficients by suppressing gravity segregation. Additionally, higher gas injection rates can improve the miscibility degree of partly-miscible flooding from 0.69 to 1.0. Oil viscosity proves to be a significant factor influencing the sweep coefficients, with high seepage resistance due to increasing oil viscosity dominating the miscible and partly-miscible flooding patterns. Conversely, gravity segregation primarily governs the sweep coefficient in immiscible flooding. In terms of controlling factors, the permeability ratio emerges as a paramount influence, with a factor importance value (FI) reaching 1.04. these results provide a theoretical foundation for the application of CO2 flooding, enhancing the understanding of the critical factors governing its success.
Keywords
CO2 front; Sweep coefficient; Random Forest; Main controlling factor
Subject
Engineering, Energy and Fuel Technology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
