Version 1
: Received: 27 September 2023 / Approved: 28 September 2023 / Online: 29 September 2023 (04:22:29 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 26 January 2024 / Approved: 29 January 2024 / Online: 29 January 2024 (12:48:04 CET)
How to cite:
Maqsood, S.; Eddie, L.S.S.; Ng, H.Y.; Afzal, M. An Insight on the Sufficiency of Waste Eggshells in Hong Kong for Sustainable Commercial Applications in Cementitious Products. Preprints2023, 2023092056. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.2056.v2
Maqsood, S.; Eddie, L.S.S.; Ng, H.Y.; Afzal, M. An Insight on the Sufficiency of Waste Eggshells in Hong Kong for Sustainable Commercial Applications in Cementitious Products. Preprints 2023, 2023092056. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.2056.v2
Maqsood, S.; Eddie, L.S.S.; Ng, H.Y.; Afzal, M. An Insight on the Sufficiency of Waste Eggshells in Hong Kong for Sustainable Commercial Applications in Cementitious Products. Preprints2023, 2023092056. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.2056.v2
APA Style
Maqsood, S., Eddie, L.S.S., Ng, H.Y., & Afzal, M. (2024). An Insight on the Sufficiency of Waste Eggshells in Hong Kong for Sustainable Commercial Applications in Cementitious Products. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.2056.v2
Chicago/Turabian Style
Maqsood, S., Hei Yi Ng and Muhammad Afzal. 2024 "An Insight on the Sufficiency of Waste Eggshells in Hong Kong for Sustainable Commercial Applications in Cementitious Products" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.2056.v2
Abstract
Hong Kong is the biggest consumer of eggs in the world and ranks on the top with an average consumption of 24.52kg/capita/year. The egg consumption trend in Hong Kong has been increasing specifically; a drastic increase of about 100% has been observed from 2008 to 2020. One of the reasons behind this significant increase is the increase in the gross national income of Hong Kong in addition to the population growth rate. However, there was a slight decline in egg consumption trend in the year 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic. It has been estimated that there was a bulk of 17,100 tons of recoverable waste eggshells in 2019 (pre-COVID-19 situation), having a daily yield of 47 tons per day. Based on the linear regression, it may be expected that if the pre-COVID-19 trend of egg consumption remains sustained, there will be a big bulk of more than 45,000 tons per year and up to 125 tons per day of waste eggshells till 2050. In addition, a public survey was conducted across the city targeting individuals, families, and restaurants majorly on egg consumption and reuse. The survey outcomes revealed that Chinese eggs have an extensive market in Hong Kong, and people have a positive attitude towards eggshell recycling. Also, a massive population disposes of the waste eggshells while only a trace population reuses them. Therefore, Hong Kong has a very high potential to improve the circular economy by reusing waste eggshells on a commercial level in cementitious products.
Keywords
Country of Origin; Egg Consumption; Egg Types; Gross National Income; Municipal Solid Waste; Population Growth; Recycling; Waste Eggshells
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Waste Management and Disposal
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
