Altmetrics
Downloads
123
Views
30
Comments
0
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
27 September 2023
Posted:
28 September 2023
You are already at the latest version
A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
27 September 2023
Posted:
28 September 2023
You are already at the latest version
Authors | Details and findings | Reference |
---|---|---|
Maxwell et al. | Analysis of the emissions of three different biomass and their torrefied counterparts in a domestic wood stove. After torrefaction, lower emissions (CO and CH4) were found. | [32] |
Prapas et al. | Study of the influence of a chimney on the combustion characteristics of a stove, observing changes in CO production. | [33] |
Sungur et al. | Optimization of the effect of burner pot design by changing supply airflow position in a pellet stove through machine learning. | [34] |
Schmidt et al. | Influence of wood washing on emissions during wood combustion in a domestic pellet stove, with a decrease in pollutants. | [35] |
Vicente et al. | Wood combustion experiments were carried out to determine the effect of different factors like biomass load. | [36] |
Toscano et al. | Combustion tests were carried out simulating domestic utilization conditions of a pellet stove. Higher emissions (for instance, CO) were found in steady state condition. | [37] |
Parameter | Details |
---|---|
Proximate analysis | It consists of biomass composition regarding ash, moisture, volatile content, and fixed carbon. |
Ash content | It is the solid waste after incineration. High-quality fuels present low ash content. Determination according to UNE 32004:1984 standard [38] |
Moisture content | High moisture reduces energy potential as some energy will be used to evaporate and remove moisture. According to UNE 32001:1981 standard [39] |
Volatile matter | Weight loss of a fuel during heating in absence of oxygen (apart from moisture content). According to UNE 32019:1984 standard [40] |
Fixed carbon | It is obtained according to the previous values, as follows: Fixed carbon = 100 – (% ash + % moisture + % volatile matter). |
Ultimate analysis | It is the qualitative and quantitative determination of certain chemical elements such as C, H, N, S and O, mainly. |
Parameter | Result |
---|---|
Weight, kg | 110 |
Height, mm | 864 |
Width, mm | 453 |
Depth, mm | 497 |
Fume pipe diameter, mm | 80 |
Air suction pipe diameter, mm | 50 |
Maximum heating volume, m3 | 115 |
Maximum thermal power, kW | 5.8 |
Maximum useful thermal power, kW | 5.0 |
Minimum useful thermal power, kW | 2.5 |
Maximum hourly fuel consumption, kg/h | 1.2 |
Minimum hourly fuel consumption, kg/h | 0.6 |
Tank capacity, kg | 11 |
Nominal electric power, W | 300 |
Recommended flue gas pressure, Pa | 10 |
Flue gas pressure at maximum thermal power, Pa | 12 |
Flue gas pressure at minimum thermal power, Pa | 10 |
Raw material | Position or level selected | Pellet feed |
---|---|---|
Pine | ||
Poplar | 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 | Normal (100 %) Extra (125 %) |
Plum tree |
VO2, % (X) | VCO2, % (Y) | VO2, % (X) | VCO2, % (Y) |
---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 0.161 | 0.11 | 0.077 |
0.01 | 0.153 | 0.12 | 0.069 |
0.02 | 0.145 | 0.13 | 0.061 |
0.03 | 0.138 | 0.14 | 0.054 |
0.04 | 0.130 | 0.15 | 0.046 |
0.05 | 0.122 | 0.16 | 0.038 |
0.06 | 0.115 | 0.17 | 0.031 |
0.07 | 0.107 | 0.18 | 0.023 |
0.08 | 0.099 | 0.19 | 0.015 |
0.09 | 0.092 | 0.20 | 0.008 |
0.10 | 0.084 | 0.21 | 0.000 |
Proximate analysis | |||||
Sample | Ash, % | Moisture, % | Volatile matter, % | Fixed carbon, % | |
Pine | 0.50 | 6.42 | 84.01 | 15.49 | |
Poplar | 1.79 | 6.61 | 78.24 | 13.36 | |
Plum tree | 0.83 | 6.90 | 78.37 | 13.90 | |
Ultimate analysis | |||||
Sample | C, % | H, % | N, % | S, % | O, % |
Pine | 47.70 | 6.12 | 0.33 | 0.004 | 45.85 |
Poplar | 46.40 | 6.01 | 0.52 | 0.028 | 47.04 |
Plum tree | 47.50 | 6.23 | 0.38 | 0.093 | 45.80 |
Pine | Poplar | Plum tree |
---|---|---|
P1I vs P5I | P3I vs P5I | P2I vs P4I |
P1I vs P5II | P3I vs P5II | P2I vs P4II |
P1II vs P5II | P3II vs P5II | P2II vs P4II |
P5I vs P5II | P5I vs P5II | P4I vs P4II |
P1 | P5 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Average | Average deviation | Average | Average deviation |
O2, % | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.148 | 0.006 |
Air supply temperature, °C | 46.7 | 1.9 | 68.4 | 0.4 |
Fume temperature, °C | 74.7 | 0.5 | 107 | 0.3 |
Ambient temperature, °C | 20.9 | 0.6 | 20.5 | 0.2 |
CO, ppm | 700.1 | 214.1 | 445.2 | 126.4 |
CO, % | 0.00070 | 0.00021 | 0.00045 | 0.00013 |
y, % | 0.0227 | 0.0046 | 0.0475 | 0.0044 |
CO2, % | 0.0293 | 0.0058 | 0.0612 | 0.0056 |
Λ | 7.19 | 1.38 | 3.36 | 0.29 |
η, % | 85.82 | 3.00 | 89.74 | 0.78 |
qA, % | 14.18 | 3.00 | 10.26 | 0.78 |
NO, ppm | 17.9 | 6.7 | 43.2 | 6.0 |
Calculated n | 6.94 | 1.33 | 3.26 | 0.28 |
X (x = [VCO2/(VCO2+VCO)]-n) | 0.966 | 0.016 | 0.991 | 0.002 |
Test parameter | Pine pellet (P = 1, 100 % feed) |
Pine pellet (P = 5, 125 % feed) |
Comparison |
---|---|---|---|
O2, % | 0.18 | 0.119 | |
Air supply temperature, °C | 46.7 | 90.6 | |
Fume temperature, °C | 74.7 | 113.1 | |
Ambient temperature, °C | 20.9 | 20.8 | Constant |
CO, ppm | 700.1 | 364.4 | |
CO, % | 0.00070 | 0.00036 | |
y, % | 0.0227 | 0.0696 | |
CO2, % | 0.0293 | 0.0896 | |
Λ | 7.19 | 2.29 | |
η, % | 85.82 | 92.34 | |
qA, % | 14.18 | 7.66 | |
NO, ppm | 17.9 | 65.1 | Negligible |
Calculated n | 6.94 | 2.24 | |
x (x = [VCO2/(VCO2+VCO)]-n) | 0.966 | 0.995 |
P2 | P4 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Average | Average deviation | Average | Average deviation |
O2, % | 0.189 | 0.004 | 0.180 | 0.007 |
Air supply temperature, °C | 43.6 | 0.7 | 52 | 0.4 |
Fume temperature, °C | 69.2 | 0.6 | 90.2 | 1.1 |
Ambient temperature, °C | 18.8 | 0.4 | 18.7 | 0.5 |
CO, ppm | 1378.0 | 240.8 | 1372.6 | 533.1 |
CO, % | 0.00138 | 0.00024 | 0.00137 | 0.00053 |
y, % | 0.0150 | 0.0035 | 0.0222 | 0.0057 |
CO2, % | 0.0198 | 0.0045 | 0.0291 | 0.0073 |
Λ | 10.05 | 1.92 | 7.06 | 1.46 |
η, % | 79.98 | 4.42 | 81.26 | 4.69 |
qA, % | 20.02 | 4.42 | 18.74 | 4.69 |
NO, ppm | 40 | 11.2 | 61.4 | 12.9 |
Calculated n | 9.72 | 1.87 | 6.82 | 1.42 |
X (x = [VCO2/(VCO2+VCO)]-n) | 0.908 | 0.029 | 0.932 | 0.038 |
Test parameter | Plum tree pellet (P = 2, 100 % feed) |
Plum tree pellet (P = 4, 125 % feed) |
Comparison |
---|---|---|---|
O2, % | 0.189 | 0.141 | |
Air supply temperature, °C | 43.6 | 49.1 | |
Fume temperature, °C | 69.2 | 91.7 | |
Ambient temperature, °C | 18.8 | 18.9 | Constant |
CO, ppm | 1378 | 329.3 | |
CO, % | 0.00138 | 0.00033 | |
y, % | 0.0150 | 0.0526 | |
CO2, % | 0.0198 | 0.0671 | |
Λ | 10.05 | 3.01 | |
η, % | 79.98 | 91.53 | |
qA, % | 20.02 | 8.41 | |
NO, ppm | 40 | 115.9 | Negligible |
Calculated n | 9.72 | 2.92 | |
x (x = [VCO2/(VCO2+VCO)]-n) | 0.908 | 0.994 |
P3 | P5 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Average | Average deviation | Average | Average deviation |
O2, % | 0.171 | 0.011 | 0.166 | 0.006 |
Air supply temperature, °C | 60.7 | 1.0 | 58.8 | 1.1 |
Fume temperature, °C | 78.8 | 1.2 | 96.6 | 1.3 |
Ambient temperature, °C | 14.2 | 0.5 | 18.9 | 0.5 |
CO, ppm | 806.7 | 182.4 | 1047.1 | 158.5 |
CO, % | 0.00081 | 0.00018 | 0.00105 | 0.00016 |
y, % | 0.0290 | 0.0085 | 0.0328 | 0.0045 |
CO2, % | 0.0376 | 0.0109 | 0.0426 | 0.0057 |
Λ | 5.76 | 1.33 | 4.77 | 0.61 |
η, % | 85.62 | 3.46 | 85.47 | 1.85 |
qA, % | 14.38 | 3.46 | 14.57 | 1.85 |
NO, ppm | 73.7 | 15.6 | 114.7 | 13.6 |
Calculated n | 5.56 | 1.28 | 4.62 | 0.58 |
x (x = [VCO2/(VCO2+VCO)]-n) | 0.969 | 0.012 | 0.968 | 0.009 |
Test parameter | Pine pellet (P = 3, 100 % feed) |
Pine pellet (P = 5, 125 % feed) |
Comparison |
---|---|---|---|
O2, % | 0.171 | 0.125 | |
Air supply temperature, °C | 60.7 | 77 | |
Fume temperature, °C | 78.8 | 115.6 | |
Ambient temperature, °C | 14.2 | 21 | |
CO, ppm | 806.7 | 1058.6 | Constant |
CO, % | 0.00081 | 0.00106 | Constant |
y, % | 0.0290 | 0.0640 | |
CO2, % | 0.0376 | 0.0828 | |
Λ | 5.76 | 2.45 | |
η, % | 85.62 | 90.53 | |
qA, % | 14.38 | 9.47 | |
NO, ppm | 73.7 | 165.4 | Negligible |
Calculated n | 5.56 | 2.39 | |
x (x = [VCO2/(VCO2+VCO)]-n) | 0.969 | 0.984 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
Juan Félix González
et al.
,
2023
Yuliya Logvina
et al.
,
2023
© 2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated