Conservation Imperatives: Securing the Last Unprotected Terrestrial Sites Harboring Irreplaceable Biodiversity

Version 1 : Received: 22 September 2023 / Approved: 28 September 2023 / Online: 28 September 2023 (03:31:14 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 8 March 2024 / Approved: 11 March 2024 / Online: 11 March 2024 (11:52:38 CET)

How to cite: Dinerstein, E.; Joshi, A.R.; Hahn, N.R.; Lee, A.T.L.; Vynne, C.; Burkart, K.; Asner, G.P.; Beckham, C.; Ceballos, G.; Cuthbert, R.; Dirzo, R.; Fankem, O.; Hertel, S.; Li, B.V.; Mellin, H.; Pharand-Deschênes, F.; Olson, D.; Pandav, B.; Peres, C.; Putra, R.; Rosenthal, A.; Verwer, C.; Wikramanayake, E.; Zolli, A. Conservation Imperatives: Securing the Last Unprotected Terrestrial Sites Harboring Irreplaceable Biodiversity. Preprints 2023, 2023091827. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1827.v2 Dinerstein, E.; Joshi, A.R.; Hahn, N.R.; Lee, A.T.L.; Vynne, C.; Burkart, K.; Asner, G.P.; Beckham, C.; Ceballos, G.; Cuthbert, R.; Dirzo, R.; Fankem, O.; Hertel, S.; Li, B.V.; Mellin, H.; Pharand-Deschênes, F.; Olson, D.; Pandav, B.; Peres, C.; Putra, R.; Rosenthal, A.; Verwer, C.; Wikramanayake, E.; Zolli, A. Conservation Imperatives: Securing the Last Unprotected Terrestrial Sites Harboring Irreplaceable Biodiversity. Preprints 2023, 2023091827. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1827.v2

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dinerstein, E.; Joshi, A.R.; Hahn, N.R.; Lee, A.T.L.; Vynne, C.; Burkart, K.; Asner, G.P.; Beckham, C.; Ceballos, G.; Cuthbert, R.; Dirzo, R.; Fankem, O.; Hertel, S.; Li, B.V.; Mellin, H.; Pharand-Deschênes, F.; Olson, D.; Pandav, B.; Peres, C.; Putra, R.; Rosenthal, A.; Verwer, C.; Wikramanayake, E.; Zolli, A. Conservation Imperatives: Securing the Last Unprotected Terrestrial Sites Harboring Irreplaceable Biodiversity. Preprints 2023, 2023091827. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1827.v2

APA Style

Dinerstein, E., Joshi, A.R., Hahn, N.R., Lee, A.T.L., Vynne, C., Burkart, K., Asner, G.P., Beckham, C., Ceballos, G., Cuthbert, R., Dirzo, R., Fankem, O., Hertel, S., Li, B.V., Mellin, H., Pharand-Deschênes, F., Olson, D., Pandav, B., Peres, C., Putra, R., Rosenthal, A., Verwer, C., Wikramanayake, E., & Zolli, A. (2024). Conservation Imperatives: Securing the Last Unprotected Terrestrial Sites Harboring Irreplaceable Biodiversity. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1827.v2

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dinerstein, E., Eric Wikramanayake and Andrew Zolli. 2024 "Conservation Imperatives: Securing the Last Unprotected Terrestrial Sites Harboring Irreplaceable Biodiversity" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1827.v2

Abstract

Ambitious biodiversity goals to protect 30% or more of the Earth’s surface by 2030 (30x30) require strategic near-term targets. To define areas that must be protected to prevent the most likely and imminent extinctions, we propose Conservation Imperatives—16,825 unprotected sites harboring rare and threatened species and spanning ~164 Mha of the terrestrial realm. We estimate that protecting the Conservation Imperatives would cost approximately US$169 billion [90% probability: $146 — $228 billion]. Globally, 38% of the 16,825 sites are either adjacent to or within 2.5 km of an existing protected area, potentially reducing land acquisition and management costs. These sites should be prioritized for conservation action over the next five years as part of a broader strategy to expand the global protected area network. The expansion of global protected areas between 2018–2023 incorporated only 7% of sites harboring range-limited and threatened species, highlighting a renewed urgency to conserve these habitats. Permanently protecting only 0.74% of land found in the tropics, where Conservation Imperatives are concentrated, could prevent the majority of predicted near-term extinctions once adequately resourced. We estimate this cost to be US$29 billion to US$46 billion per year over the next five years. Multiple approaches will be required to meet long-term protection goals: providing rights and title to Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) conserving traditional lands, government designation of new protected areas on federal and state lands, and land purchase or long-term leasing of privately held lands.

Keywords

Conservation imperatives; 30 by 30; Protected area targets; Rare species; Land cover fraction mapping; Geospatial analysis; Land costs analysis

Subject

Environmental and Earth Sciences, Ecology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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