Aronova, A.; Tosato, F.; Naser, N.; Asare, Y. Innate Immune Pathways in Atherosclerosis—From Signaling to Long-Term Epigenetic Reprogramming. Cells2023, 12, 2359.
Aronova, A.; Tosato, F.; Naser, N.; Asare, Y. Innate Immune Pathways in Atherosclerosis—From Signaling to Long-Term Epigenetic Reprogramming. Cells 2023, 12, 2359.
Aronova, A.; Tosato, F.; Naser, N.; Asare, Y. Innate Immune Pathways in Atherosclerosis—From Signaling to Long-Term Epigenetic Reprogramming. Cells2023, 12, 2359.
Aronova, A.; Tosato, F.; Naser, N.; Asare, Y. Innate Immune Pathways in Atherosclerosis—From Signaling to Long-Term Epigenetic Reprogramming. Cells 2023, 12, 2359.
Abstract
Innate immune pathways play a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis, from sensing initial danger signals to the long-term reprogramming of immune cells. Despite the success of lipid-lowering therapy, anti-hypertensive medications, and other measures in reducing complications associated with atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Consequently, there is an urgent need to devise innovative preventive and therapeutic strategies to alleviate the global burden of CVD. Extensive experimental research and epidemiological studies have demonstrated the dominant role of innate immune mechanisms in the progression of atherosclerosis. Recently, landmark trials including CANTOS, COLCOT, and LoDoCo2 have provided solid evidence, demonstrating that targeting innate immune pathways can effectively reduce the risk of CVD. These groundbreaking trials mark a significant paradigm shift in the field and open new avenues for atheroprotective treatments. It is therefore crucial to comprehend the intricate interplay between innate immune pathways and atherosclerosis for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions. Additionally, unraveling the mechanisms underlying the long-term reprogramming may offer novel strategies to reverse the pro-inflammatory phenotype of immune cells and restore immune homeostasis in atherosclerosis. In this Review, we present an overview of the innate immune pathways implicated in atherosclerosis, with a specific focus on the signaling pathways driving chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis and the long-term reprogramming of immune cells within the atherosclerotic plaque. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing these processes presents exciting opportunities for the development of a new class of immunotherapeutic approaches aimed at reducing inflammation and promoting plaque stability. By addressing these aspects, we can potentially revolutionize the management of atherosclerosis and its associated cardiovascular complications.
Biology and Life Sciences, Immunology and Microbiology
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
