Submitted:
10 September 2023
Posted:
12 September 2023
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Abstract
The article aims to explore social aspects in the area of energy research by using bibliometrics methods and tools. The study is based on the data of Energy Research & Social Science journal publications exported from ScienceDirect database during 2019-2023. Methodologically, the work included clustering of the bibliometric records under consideration. This allowed to identify the main topics of publications and those in which the research of social problems prevails. This stage of the work was carried out using carrot2, an engine for clustering search results. Next, the analysis of publication topics related to social issues research was carried out using VOSviewer — a software tool for visualizing scientific landscapes. The topics of the four clusters obtained at this stage were described by key terms with the maximum total link strength. For the principal ones, a definition was made on the basis of the texts of publications that most fully disclose the meaning of these terms. The 1537 publications in the journal during the period under review deal with many aspects of energy transition research, renewable energy, energy policy, energy justice and energy systems, but only 78 of them are dominated by social issues. The paper reveals the main social issues in the field of energy research: sociology of energy, socio-technical system, community energy, energy democracy, sociology of the future, energy sovereignty, socio-technical imaginary and shows the insufficient attention to this topic, especially to the investment of such research.
Keywords:
subjects of publications
; bibliometric analysis
; text clustering
; energy transition
; social issues
Introduction
The social aspects of energy research refer to the study of how the production, distribution and consumption of energy affects society and individuals.
Energy research often overlooks social aspects of energy systems, focusing on technological progress and economic considerations. To create a sustainable energy future, interdisciplinary research must analyze social science data, foster collaboration, and consider diverse perspectives. Social science research can address energy poverty, justice, transitions, democracy, sociology of energy, industrial decarbonization, and socio-technical imagination. It helps develop policies for equitable access to clean energy and develops effective energy policies that consider the social, cultural, and economic context of energy systems. Understanding these dynamics will enable policymakers to develop strategies for a just transition.
The following are some key points about energy research from a social perspective.
Energy policy significantly influences the transition to sustainable, socially equitable energy systems. Prioritizing renewable energy, energy efficiency, and justice encourages clean energy adoption, while policies empowering local communities promote self-reliance. Energy researchers can inform policy-making. [1,2]
Sociology is crucial in energy research, analyzing social dynamics and power relations that shape energy systems. Studying energy transitions helps identify barriers to sustainable technologies and practices, contributing to inclusive policies and governance structures.[3]
The integration of social sciences and humanities (SSH) in energy studies has gained importance in recent years.[4] Energy studies that utilize disciplines such as sociology, anthropology and political science to understand energy systems and their social impacts, thereby contributing to informed and socially just energy policies and practice.
The sociotechnical imagination in energy research aims to bridge the gap between science and society by recognizing the social and cultural aspects of energy systems and their impact on society, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of them.[5]
Energy justice aims to address unequal distribution of resources and disproportionate impacts on marginalized communities. By examining social, economic, and environmental dimensions, energy researchers can contribute to a more equitable and inclusive energy transition. This involves considering marginalized needs, promoting affordability, and ensuring access to clean, reliable energy sources. Integrating energy justice into research can lead to a more sustainable and just future.[6]
Energy democracy focuses on empowering communities and individuals to shape their futures.[7] Energy researchers can contribute to energy democracy and socio-technical imagination by supporting community initiatives, promoting cooperative energy organizations, and advocating for policy frameworks that ensure community ownership and participation.
Socio-technical energy systems involve the interplay of social, cultural, economic, and technological factors influencing energy production, distribution, and consumption.[8] Understanding these systems helps identify barriers and opportunities for sustainable, socially just energy transitions. This involves examining norms, technology's role, and the social and economic implications of energy sources.
Thus, the subject of the social aspects of energy research is extremely diverse.
To conduct the own bibliometric analysis of the social aspects of energy research, it is recommended to choose a journal/journals that publish articles on the specified subject.
Materials and Methods
This paper uses bibliometric data from the open access system ScienceDirect, retrieved from the query "Journal or book title: Energy Research & Social Science, Year: 2019-2023"; Article type: Review articles OR Research articles. Data are current as of 14 July 2023. A total of 1537 records were extracted. In addition to bibliographic data, the exported records contain fields for abstracts and author keywords, making them useful for analysing publication topics.
The data obtained was utilized in the following main stages of the ongoing study:
- Identification of the main research areas in the publications of the Journal of Energy Research & Social Sciences for 2019-2023 based on the clustering of their bibliometric records.
- Identification of the main topics of publications related to social issues in energy research based on co-occurrence keyword clustering.
- Composition of definitions of the main terms on the subject on the basis of the texts of the publications under consideration.
- Identifying in combination with which informative phrases these terms most often appear in the text of article abstracts.
The first stage of the ongoing research was realized using a demo version of the freely distributed software Carrot2[1]. Documents were clustered by title and author keywords fields using the Lingo3G algorithm. DOI was used as the publication index.
Lingo3G is a proprietary algorithm. This algorithm detects the structure of topics in input texts using term-document matrix dimensionality reduction techniques. In this case, a document can belong to more than one cluster (overlapping clusters).
The Carrot2 system has been in development for a sufficiently long time [11], is fully documented, has test and demo versions as well as an open-source edition. It has also reached the stage of commercial implementation. For these reasons, it was chosen for this study.
In the second stage, the identification of the main topics of publications dealing with the social problems of energy research was carried out by clustering keywords based on their co-occurrence using the VOSviewer software. This tool allows researchers to analyze the topics of bibliometric records, track the development of topics and gain insight into the structure and interrelationships of research through the analysis of networks of co-occurring terms using different scientometric datasets.[12]
The final visualization of the bibliometric networks created with VOSviewer was carried out on https://app.vosviewer.com using VOSviewer Online, which allowed additional parameters to be displayed in the figure.
In the next stage of the research, brief explanations of the main concepts (terms) related to the topic under consideration were formulated. This was achieved by analysing the texts of published works. Based on the collected bibliometric data, examples of published works revealing the application of these terms were selected.
The most significant phrases were identified as follows: a corpus of texts was compiled from the abstracts of articles containing the key term in question. Then the most significant word combinations in the given text were identified using the Yake! program. The details of the algorithm used in the program are described in [13], the working demo is available at: http://yake.inesctec.pt.
Knowing the most significant collocations allows expanding the literature search if there is a need for further study of the subject related to the key term.
Results and Discussion
General characteristics of the sample of bibliometric records
Considering that in this study the author aimed to use open soft and abstract databases, The Lens system was selected for comprehensive evaluation of bibliometric records of Energy Research & Social Science journal, such as research area, author affiliation, citation etc.
Lens.org is an online database that offers access to patent and scholarly literature, including scientific articles, conference papers, and theses, along with advanced features like data visualization and citation analysis.
Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 show only the general bibliometric data obtained from this database by querying Filters: Year Published = (2019 - 2023) Source Title = (Energy Research & Social Science), answering the question: who has published in this journal and on what topics.
It is noteworthy that according to the publication systematization adopted by The Lens, the main “Field of Study” are business, political science and economics, rather than energy and social sciences, as could be expected from the title of the journal.
Figure 2 and Figure 3 show that Western Europe, the USA, and Australia have the highest number of publications in the journal, while the big developing countries such as China, South Africa, and Brazil are less represented.
India ranks 26th in terms of publications in this periodical, following the Czech Republic, which also shows the lack of presence of developing countries in this journal.
The above data overlaps to a substantial extent with the data presented in Figure 1. This is because the transition to clean and sustainable energy sources, as well as concerns about climate change, are attracting a great deal of attention from policymakers in both the European Union and the United States.
Hence, it can be concluded that it is worthwhile to undertake a separate study of the challenges faced by emerging economies with respect to the social aspects in energy research, while referring to alternative sources of literature.
Identification of the main research areas in the publications of the Journal of Energy Research & Social Sciences for 2019-2023 based on the clustering of their bibliometric records
The clustering of articles carried out using Carrot2 allowed us to identify the overall picture of the topics of publications in Research & Social Sciences for 2019-2023 and to identify those that are relevant to social aspects in energy research. The overall view of the topics of the main 6 clusters is shown in Figure 4.
The presented clustering of publications provides a good overview of renewable energy topics, but does not fully address clean energy issues in line with UN Sustainable Development Goal 7. In addition, there is no cluster or sub-cluster dedicated to investment in the social aspects of energy research.
The journal's publications prominently focus on energy transition, energy policy, and renewable energy.[14] These topics are of great significance in the current global discourse surrounding sustainable development and combating climate change.
The first three clusters are closely related to each other, as energy policy is largely associated with the transition to renewable energy. The concept of energy justice is predominantly realised through energy system solutions, which is reflected in the Energy Justice and Energy Systems clusters.
Given that the aim of this paper is to analyze the topics of publications reflecting social aspects in energy research, publications belonging to sub-clusters containing the term "social" were selected for further consideration: Sociotechnical Transitions (44 records), Social Justice (25 records), Sociotechnical Systems, Sociotechnical Systems (28 records).
Noting that Carrot2 can attribute publications to more than one cluster at a time, only 78 of the 97 entries were unique.
To show the consistency of the overall landscape of research published in this journal, Figure 5 presents a clustering of bibliometric records made up of the 50 most cited for each year. There are 250 records in total. As in the previous case, clustering was performed using the title and author keyword fields. The citations were determined using data from The Lens database. The DOI field was used as the main key for data merging.
The comparison of Figure 4 and Figure 5 shows that the overall research landscape is of a similar nature, indicating the stability of publication topics in the journal under review when the number of entries in the sample and the citation rate of publications change.
It should be noted that the more cited publications are characterised by a separate cluster related to climate change research. Given that climate change issues are widely discussed in Western Europe and the USA, it can be assumed that this affects the citation rate of publications related to this topic. This statement is consistent with the results presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3. A detailed study of the difference in the discourse on this issue in the publications of developed and developing economies is beyond the scope of this paper and deserves a separate study.
Conclusion
The results of this paper show that the largest number of publications in Energy Research & Social Science for 2019-2023 is represented by authors from institutions in Western Europe, the United States, and Australia. Accordingly, the topics reflect the efforts of these countries to advance the energy transition and combat climate change.
Works directly related to the topic of social aspects in energy research account for a smaller share of the total number of publications - 78 out of 1537.
The rationality of using clustering of bibliometric records using Carrot2, an engine for clustering search results, is shown. The results obtained describe well the main issues of energy transition, renewable energy, energy policy and energy justice and energy systems. This approach also allowed us to identify topics directly related to the social aspects of energy research such as: social justice, sociotechnical transitions, sociotechnical systems and the publications related to them.
The themes listed above were analyzed in detail on the basis of keywords co-occurrence using VOSviewer software. Four clusters were identified, which can be summarized by the terms presented in Figure 6: energy transition (red cluster), socio-technical system (green), socio-technical transition (blue) and renewable energy + energy governance (khaki).
The key terms describing the topic of social aspects of energy research are defined, the main of which are: socio-technical systems, energy democracy, sustainability transitions, energy poverty, energy justice, energy futures, socio-technical regime, energy policy, social acceptance, just transition, climate justice, energy transition, sociotechnical imaginary and socio-technical transitions.
To facilitate further exploration of the social aspects in energy research, this paper identifies the phrases most commonly occurring with key terms in abstract texts and examples of research articles associated with these terms.
Remark: it should be noted that neither clustering of records using Carrot2 software nor clustering of authors' keywords using VOSviewer identified tasks related to investing in social problems in energy research.
A direct search for the keyword 'investment' showed its low occurrence in both keywords and article titles.
The term 'investment' occurred 14 times in the authors' keywords and 18 times in article titles out of all, 1537 records.
In 78 records categorized as social problems: once in authors' keywords and none in titles.
The author believes that it is problematic to address the social problems associated with energy research without targeted investment in such research. That is why this remark was made.
Future prospects for the study
Considering that the main subject of the journal is related to the issues of energy transition to renewable energy sources and that most of the publications are from institutions from Europe and the USA, the author of this paper considers it appropriate to conduct a study that will identify other sources of scientific publications that reflect the interests of authors from developing countries in analysing current social issues related to energy transition important for their countries.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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| [1] |
https://search.carrotsearch.com/#/workbench — Clustering Workbench. The expert-level Lingo3G application |
Figure 1.
Top 20 fields of study with the highest number of related publications according to The Lens database data version.
Figure 1.
Top 20 fields of study with the highest number of related publications according to The Lens database data version.
Figure 2.
Top 20 countries whose institutions have published the most papers in Energy Research & Social Sciences for 2019-2023.
Figure 2.
Top 20 countries whose institutions have published the most papers in Energy Research & Social Sciences for 2019-2023.
Figure 3.
Top 20 institutions publishing the most papers in Energy Research & Social Sciences for 2019-2023.
Figure 3.
Top 20 institutions publishing the most papers in Energy Research & Social Sciences for 2019-2023.
Figure 4.
Subjects of publications from the six main clusters and their sub-clusters.
Figure 5.
Subjects of publications from the six main clusters and their sub-clusters for 250 most cited records.
Figure 5.
Subjects of publications from the six main clusters and their sub-clusters for 250 most cited records.
Figure 6.
Clustering of author's keywords obtained on the basis of their co-occurrence.
Table 1.
Top 20 author's keywords of the first cluster with the highest TLS value.
| AKWs | TLS | Occ |
|---|---|---|
| socio-technical system | 59 | 12 |
| renewable energy | 40 | 8 |
| energy democracy | 21 | 5 |
| sustainability transitions | 21 | 5 |
| science and technology studies | 20 | 4 |
| community energy | 19 | 4 |
| energy governance | 14 | 3 |
| energy poverty | 11 | 2 |
| sustainability | 11 | 2 |
| upscaling | 11 | 2 |
| co-production | 10 | 2 |
| actor-network theory | 9 | 2 |
| energy community | 9 | 2 |
| science technology and society | 9 | 2 |
| social justice | 8 | 2 |
| social science | 8 | 2 |
| chile | 6 | 1 |
| cookstoves | 6 | 1 |
| data and evidence | 6 | 1 |
| dominant design | 6 | 1 |
Table 2.
Top 20 authors' keywords of the second cluster with the highest TLS value.
| AKWs | TLS | Occ |
|---|---|---|
| energy justice | 69 | 16 |
| multilevel perspective | 22 | 5 |
| energy | 17 | 3 |
| transition | 15 | 3 |
| energy futures | 14 | 3 |
| germany | 12 | 2 |
| disruption | 10 | 2 |
| japan | 10 | 2 |
| hydrogen | 9 | 2 |
| place attachment | 9 | 2 |
| social practices | 9 | 2 |
| socio-technical | 9 | 2 |
| socio-technical regime | 9 | 2 |
| china | 8 | 2 |
| action research | 7 | 1 |
| diversity | 7 | 1 |
| identity | 7 | 1 |
| justice | 7 | 1 |
| social psychology | 7 | 1 |
| asia | 5 | 1 |
Table 3.
Top 20 authors' keywords of the third cluster with the highest TLS value.
| AKWs | TLS | Occ |
|---|---|---|
| energy policy | 34 | 7 |
| social acceptance | 25 | 5 |
| just transition | 20 | 4 |
| climate change | 16 | 3 |
| scale | 14 | 3 |
| climate justice | 11 | 2 |
| climate mitigation | 10 | 2 |
| climate policy | 10 | 2 |
| industrial decarbonization | 10 | 2 |
| environmental justice | 9 | 2 |
| indigenous communities | 9 | 2 |
| socio-technical energy system | 9 | 2 |
| inclusive transition policies | 7 | 1 |
| inequality | 7 | 1 |
| low-carbon transitions | 7 | 1 |
| social outcomes | 7 | 1 |
| coal mining | 6 | 1 |
| contested transition | 6 | 1 |
| "powder river basin, wyoming" | 6 | 1 |
| capability approach | 5 | 1 |
Table 4.
Tor-20 author's keywords of the fourth cluster with the highest TLS value.
| AKWs | TLS | Occ |
|---|---|---|
| energy transition | 115 | 23 |
| socio-technical imaginary | 58 | 12 |
| socio-technical transition | 46 | 10 |
| poland | 12 | 2 |
| airquality | 6 | 1 |
| co-benefits | 6 | 1 |
| energy social sciences and humanities | 6 | 1 |
| households | 6 | 1 |
| sociology of energy | 6 | 1 |
| sociology of the future | 6 | 1 |
| solid fuels | 6 | 1 |
| agency | 5 | 1 |
| coal | 5 | 1 |
| coalscape | 5 | 1 |
| copenhagen | 5 | 1 |
| district heating | 5 | 1 |
| domestic biogas | 5 | 1 |
| energy dependence | 5 | 1 |
| energy models | 5 | 1 |
| energy plans | 5 | 1 |
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