Frigo, S.; Raspolli Galletti, A.M.; Fulignati, S.; Licursi, D.; Bertin, L.; Martinez, G.A.; Pasini, G. Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings. Energies2023, 16, 6789.
Frigo, S.; Raspolli Galletti, A.M.; Fulignati, S.; Licursi, D.; Bertin, L.; Martinez, G.A.; Pasini, G. Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings. Energies 2023, 16, 6789.
Frigo, S.; Raspolli Galletti, A.M.; Fulignati, S.; Licursi, D.; Bertin, L.; Martinez, G.A.; Pasini, G. Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings. Energies2023, 16, 6789.
Frigo, S.; Raspolli Galletti, A.M.; Fulignati, S.; Licursi, D.; Bertin, L.; Martinez, G.A.; Pasini, G. Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings. Energies 2023, 16, 6789.
Abstract
The production of oxygenated bio-additives for traditional fuels represents a key challenge due to the depletion of fossil fuels in the next future and their contribution to environmental pollu-tion. In this context, the present study considers the synthesis of different mixtures of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate produced through the catalytic hydrogenation of hexanoic acid, a car-boxylic acid obtainable from the fermentation of a wide variety of waste biomasses. In particu-lar, crude hexanoic acid deriving from the fermentation of grape pomace, an abundant Italian agrifood waste, has been taken into consideration. The reaction was carried out with the com-mercial 5 wt% Re/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, whose acidity allowed the tuning of the reaction selectivity towards the preferential formation of hexyl hexanoate instead of 1-hexanol. As consequence, the tunable composition of the obtained 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures was leveraged for en-gine applications, thus allowing studying each component influence on the Diesel engine per-formances and verifying their synergistic effects. The engine experimental activity highlighted that both 1-hexanol and hexyl hexanoate, as well as their mixtures, can be used in Diesel engine with a commercial Diesel fuel up to high loadings (20 vol%) without altering engine perfor-mances and significantly lowering soot and CO emissions by more than 40%.
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