Nakahata, S.; Enriquez-Vera, D.; Jahan, M.I.; Sugata, K.; Satou, Y. Understanding the Immunopathology of HTLV-1-Associated Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Review. Biomolecules2023, 13, 1543.
Nakahata, S.; Enriquez-Vera, D.; Jahan, M.I.; Sugata, K.; Satou, Y. Understanding the Immunopathology of HTLV-1-Associated Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Review. Biomolecules 2023, 13, 1543.
Nakahata, S.; Enriquez-Vera, D.; Jahan, M.I.; Sugata, K.; Satou, Y. Understanding the Immunopathology of HTLV-1-Associated Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Review. Biomolecules2023, 13, 1543.
Nakahata, S.; Enriquez-Vera, D.; Jahan, M.I.; Sugata, K.; Satou, Y. Understanding the Immunopathology of HTLV-1-Associated Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Review. Biomolecules 2023, 13, 1543.
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). HTLV-1 carriers have a life-long asymptomatic balance between infected cells and host antiviral immunity, but 5–10% of carriers lose this balance and develop ATL. Coinfection with Strongyloides also promotes ATL development, suggesting that the immunological status of infected individuals is a determinant of viral pathogenicity. As CD4+ T cells play a central role in host immunity, deregulation of their function and differentiation by HTLV-1 promotes the immune evasion of infected T cells. During ATL development, the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in key host immunity-related genes further disturbs immunological conditions. Various therapeutic approaches have been developed to treat these abnormalities. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is currently the only treatment with the potential to cure ATL; however, the patient's immune state may also contribute to its outcome. Additionally, the activity of the anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 antibody, mogamulizumab, also depends on immune functions, such as antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the immunological pathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection in ATL and integrate clinical findings to determine the factors to be considered for developing treatment strategies for ATL.
Keywords
human T-cell leukemia virus type 1; adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma; viral genes; genetic alterations; immune response; host–pathogen interaction; pathogenesis; treatment
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Life Sciences
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
