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Effect of Carrier-Gas on the Gas Sensing Performance of Co1-2xNixMnxFe2-yCeyO4 Double-Substitution Spinel to Flammable Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds
Ogundipe, S.A.; Ndlangamandla, C.L.; Diale, M.M.; Jozela, M.; Swart, H.C.; Motaung, D.E.; Nkosi, S.S. Effect of Carrier Gas on the Gas Sensing Performance of Co1−2xNixMnxFe2−yCeyO4 Double-Substitution Spinel in Flammable Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds. Coatings2023, 13, 1771.
Ogundipe, S.A.; Ndlangamandla, C.L.; Diale, M.M.; Jozela, M.; Swart, H.C.; Motaung, D.E.; Nkosi, S.S. Effect of Carrier Gas on the Gas Sensing Performance of Co1−2xNixMnxFe2−yCeyO4 Double-Substitution Spinel in Flammable Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds. Coatings 2023, 13, 1771.
Ogundipe, S.A.; Ndlangamandla, C.L.; Diale, M.M.; Jozela, M.; Swart, H.C.; Motaung, D.E.; Nkosi, S.S. Effect of Carrier Gas on the Gas Sensing Performance of Co1−2xNixMnxFe2−yCeyO4 Double-Substitution Spinel in Flammable Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds. Coatings2023, 13, 1771.
Ogundipe, S.A.; Ndlangamandla, C.L.; Diale, M.M.; Jozela, M.; Swart, H.C.; Motaung, D.E.; Nkosi, S.S. Effect of Carrier Gas on the Gas Sensing Performance of Co1−2xNixMnxFe2−yCeyO4 Double-Substitution Spinel in Flammable Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds. Coatings 2023, 13, 1771.
Abstract
The presence of high concentrations of flammable gases and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere has been widely reported to be detrimental to human survival. A lot of research effort has been put towards finding an efficient means of quick detection of these gases below their ‘immediately dangerous to life or health’ concentrations. Detecting these gases in an oxygen-deficient environment is a crucial task to consider and has been overlooked. In this research, double substitution spinel with chemical formula Co1-2xNixMnxFe2-yCeyO4, where 0 ≤ x = y ≤ 0.3, were prepared via the glycol-thermal technique. The final products following the appropriate substitution are CoFe2O4 (dried naturally), CoFe2O4 (dried with Infrared lamp), Co0.8Ni0.1Mn0.1Fe1.9Ce0.1O4, Co0.6Ni0.2Mn0.2Fe1.8Ce0.2O4, and Co0.4Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe1.7Ce0.3O4 spinel ferrites. The X-ray diffractometry (XRD), High resolution transmission electron micrographs (HRTEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the samples confirm the formation of the spinel. The gas sensing performance of this samples were tested at operating temperature of 225 ºC towards liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), ammonia, ethanol, and propanol. The Co0.8Ni0.1Mn0.1Fe1.9Ce0.1O4-based sensor was selective to LPG, with a high response of 116.43 toward 6 000 ppm of LPG when helium was used as carrier gas, 3.35 when dry-air was the carrier gas, 4.4 when nitrogen was the carrier gas, but was not sensitive when argon was used as a carrier gas.
Keywords
Gas sensor; Spinel nanoferrite; Oxygen-deficiency; Carrier gas; LPG-sensing
Subject
Physical Sciences, Condensed Matter Physics
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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