Rani, B.; Ignatz-Hoover, J.J.; Rana, P.S.; Driscoll, J.J. Current and Emerging Strategies to Treat Urothelial Carcinoma. Cancers2023, 15, 4886.
Rani, B.; Ignatz-Hoover, J.J.; Rana, P.S.; Driscoll, J.J. Current and Emerging Strategies to Treat Urothelial Carcinoma. Cancers 2023, 15, 4886.
Rani, B.; Ignatz-Hoover, J.J.; Rana, P.S.; Driscoll, J.J. Current and Emerging Strategies to Treat Urothelial Carcinoma. Cancers2023, 15, 4886.
Rani, B.; Ignatz-Hoover, J.J.; Rana, P.S.; Driscoll, J.J. Current and Emerging Strategies to Treat Urothelial Carcinoma. Cancers 2023, 15, 4886.
Abstract
Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC, bladder cancer) remains a difficult to treat malignancy with rising incidence worldwide. In the U.S., UCC is the sixth most incident neoplasm and ~90% of diagnoses are made in those >55 years of age, ~four times more commonly observed in men than women. The most important risk factor for developing bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for ∼50% of cases followed by occupational exposure to aromatic amines and ionizing radiation. The standard of care for advanced UCC includes platinum-based chemotherapy and programmed cell death (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, administered as frontline, second-line, or maintenance therapy. UCC is highly aggressive and remains generally incurable since these cancers are associated with intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. UCC is highly lethal in the metastatic state and characterized by genomic instability, high PD-L1 expression, DNA damage-response mutations, and high tumor mutational burden. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) achieve long-term durable responses in other cancers, their ability to achieve similar results with metastatic UCC (mUCC) is not as well-defined. Here, we discuss the novel therapies to improve the management of mUCC.
Medicine and Pharmacology, Oncology and Oncogenics
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
