Innate Immune Gene Polymorphisms and COVID‐19 Prognosis

Evangelos Bakaros; Ioanna Voulgaridi; Vassiliki Paliatsa; Nikolaos Gatselis; Georgios Germanidis; Evangelia Asvestopoulou; Stamatia Alexiou; Elli Botsfari; Vasiliki Lygoura; Olga Tsachouridou; Iordanis Mimtsoudis; Maria Tseroni; Styliani Sarrou; Varvara A. Mouchtouri; Katerina Dadouli; Fani Kalala; Simeon Metallidis; George Dalekos; Christos Hadjichristodoulou; Matthaios Speletas

doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0635.v1

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preprints.org > biology and life sciences > immunology and microbiology > doi: 10.20944/preprints202308.0635.v1

Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Innate Immune Gene Polymorphisms and COVID‐19 Prognosis

Evangelia Asvestopoulou

Varvara A. Mouchtouri

Christos Hadjichristodoulou

Matthaios Speletas

Version 1 : Received: 7 August 2023 / Approved: 8 August 2023 / Online: 8 August 2023 (11:53:03 CEST)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Bakaros, E.; Voulgaridi, I.; Paliatsa, V.; Gatselis, N.; Germanidis, G.; Asvestopoulou, E.; Alexiou, S.; Botsfari, E.; Lygoura, V.; Tsachouridou, O.; Mimtsoudis, I.; Tseroni, M.; Sarrou, S.; Mouchtouri, V.A.; Dadouli, K.; Kalala, F.; Metallidis, S.; Dalekos, G.; Hadjichristodoulou, C.; Speletas, M. Innate Immune Gene Polymorphisms and COVID-19 Prognosis. Viruses 2023, 15, 1784. Bakaros, E.; Voulgaridi, I.; Paliatsa, V.; Gatselis, N.; Germanidis, G.; Asvestopoulou, E.; Alexiou, S.; Botsfari, E.; Lygoura, V.; Tsachouridou, O.; Mimtsoudis, I.; Tseroni, M.; Sarrou, S.; Mouchtouri, V.A.; Dadouli, K.; Kalala, F.; Metallidis, S.; Dalekos, G.; Hadjichristodoulou, C.; Speletas, M. Innate Immune Gene Polymorphisms and COVID-19 Prognosis. Viruses 2023, 15, 1784.

Abstract

COVID-19 is characterized by a heterogeneous clinical presentation and prognosis. Risk factors contributing to the development of severe disease include old age and the presence of comorbidities. However, the genetic background of the host has also been recognized as an important determinant of disease prognosis. Considering the pivotal role of innate immunity in the control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we analyzed the possible contribution of several innate immune gene polymorphisms (including TLR2-rs5743708, TLR4-rs4986790, TLR4-rs4986791, CD14-rs2569190, CARD8-rs1834481, IL18-rs2043211 and CD40-rs1883832) in disease severity and prognosis. A total of 249 individuals were enrolled and further divided into five (5) groups, according to the clinical progression scale provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe and critical). We identified that elderly patients with obesity and/or diabetes mellitus were more susceptible to developing pneumonia and respiratory distress syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 infection, while the IL18-rs1834481 polymorphism was an independent risk factor for developing pneumonia. Moreover, individuals carrying either the TLR2-rs5743708 or the TLR4-rs4986791 polymorphisms exhibited a 3.6- and 2.5-fold increased probability for developing pneumonia and a more severe disease, respectively. Our data supports the notion that the host’s genetic background can significantly affect COVID-19 clinical phenotype, also suggesting that the IL18-rs1834481, TLR2-rs5743708 and TLR4-rs4986791 polymorphisms may be used as molecular predictors of COVID-19 clinical phenotype.

Keywords

COVID‐19; IL18; TLR2; TLR4; CD14; CD40; CARD8; innate immunity; polymorphism; prognosis

Subject

Biology and Life Sciences, Immunology and Microbiology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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