Mavroudis, I.; Balmus, I.-M.; Ciobica, A.; Nicoara, M.N.; Luca, A.C.; Palade, D.O. The Role of Microglial Exosomes and miR-124-3p in Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Repair after Traumatic Brain Injury. Life2023, 13, 1924.
Mavroudis, I.; Balmus, I.-M.; Ciobica, A.; Nicoara, M.N.; Luca, A.C.; Palade, D.O. The Role of Microglial Exosomes and miR-124-3p in Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Repair after Traumatic Brain Injury. Life 2023, 13, 1924.
Mavroudis, I.; Balmus, I.-M.; Ciobica, A.; Nicoara, M.N.; Luca, A.C.; Palade, D.O. The Role of Microglial Exosomes and miR-124-3p in Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Repair after Traumatic Brain Injury. Life2023, 13, 1924.
Mavroudis, I.; Balmus, I.-M.; Ciobica, A.; Nicoara, M.N.; Luca, A.C.; Palade, D.O. The Role of Microglial Exosomes and miR-124-3p in Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Repair after Traumatic Brain Injury. Life 2023, 13, 1924.
Abstract
Background: This review aims to explore the regulatory mechanism of microglial exosomes, particularly focusing on the role of miR-124-3p, in modulating neuroinflammation and promoting neuronal repair following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: Multiple studies investigating the impact of microglial exosomal miRNAs, specifically miR-124-3p, on injured neurons and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) in the context of TBI were reviewed. Results: Animal models of TBI, in vitro cell culture experiments, RNA sequencing analysis, and functional assays were employed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of miR-124-3p-loaded exosomes on neuroinflammation and neuronal repair. The increased expression of miR-124-3p in microglial exosomes after TBI inhibited neuronal inflammation and promoted neurite outgrowth. This effect was achieved by promoting the anti-inflammatory M2 polarization of microglia, suppressing mTOR signaling through downregulation of PDE4B, and inducing autophagy in BMVECs. These actions collectively contributed to neuroprotection, reduced blood-brain barrier leakage, and improved neurologic outcomes in animal models of TBI. Conclusion: Microglial exosomes, particularly those carrying miR-124-3p, have emerged as promising candidates for therapeutic interventions in TBI. These exosomes exhibit neuroprotective effects, attenuate neuroinflammation, and promote neuronal repair and plasticity. Targeting miR-124-3p and utilizing microglial exosomes as therapeutic agents hold great potential for future clinical translation in TBI management. However, further research is required to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize their delivery strategies for effective treatment in human TBI cases.
Biology and Life Sciences, Neuroscience and Neurology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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