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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
supplementary.docx (15.43KB )
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Submitted:
10 July 2023
Posted:
11 July 2023
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Characteristic | All (n = 40) | Healthy (n = 19) | MCI (n = 21) | p | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 71.4 | ± | 6.6 | 72.4 | ± | 7.0 | 70.5 | ± | 6.3 | 0.42 | |
Male, n (%) | 15 (37.5%) | 6 (31.6%) | 9 (42.9%) | 0.48 | |||||||
Female, n (%) | 25 (62.5%) | 13 (68.4%) | 12 (57.1%) | 0.48 | |||||||
SBP, mmHg | 139.5 | ± | 19.3 | 137.9 | ± | 23.5 | 140.9 | ± | 15 | 0.61 | |
DBP, mmHg | 77.3 | ± | 12.7 | 78.9 | ± | 12.5 | 75.8 | ± | 13 | 0.47 | |
MMSE | 27.5 | ± | 1.7 | 27.7 | ± | 1.9 | 27.3 | ± | 1.5 | 0.32 | |
CDR | 0.3 | ± | 0.3 | 0.0 | ± | 0.0 | 0.5 | ± | 0.0 | <0.0001* | |
Overweight, n (%) Obesity, n (%) |
16 (40.0%) 9 (22.5%) |
7 (36.8%) 5 (26.3%) |
9 (42.9%) 4 (19.0%) |
0.71 | |||||||
0.60 | |||||||||||
DM, n (%) | 13 (32.5%) | 5 (26.3%) | 8 (38.1%) | 0.44 | |||||||
HTN, n (%) | 21 (52.5%) | 11 (57.9%) | 10 (47.6%) | 0.53 | |||||||
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 12 (30.0%) | 5 (26.3%) | 7 (33.3%) | 0.65 |
Nutrients | Healthy (N = 19) | MCI (N = 21) | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy, kcal | 1678.7 | ± | 305.2 | 1695.8 | ± | 278.3 | 0.72 |
CHO, g | 188.6 | ± | 34.1 | 194.5 | ± | 33.4 | 0.59 |
CHO, % | 45.4 | ± | 7.2 | 46.5 | ± | 6.3 | |
Protein, g | 70.3 | ± | 16.4 | 70.1 | ± | 13.2 | 1.00 |
Protein, % | 16.8 | ± | 2.6 | 16.5 | ± | 2.1 | |
Fat, g | 72.5 | ± | 22.9 | 71.3 | ± | 22.0 | 0.72 |
Fat, % | 38.3 | ± | 7.6 | 37.2 | ± | 7.1 | |
MUFAs, g | 27.6 | ± | 9.8 | 28.1 | ± | 11.7 | 0.91 |
MUFAs, % | 14.5 | ± | 3.2 | 14.9 | ± | 4.8 | |
PUFAs, g | 23.0 | ± | 10.3 | 19.2 | ± | 8.2 | 0.18 |
PUFAs, % | 12.2 | ± | 4.8 | 9.7 | ± | 2.7 | |
n-3 FAs, g | 3.1 | ± | 1.6 | 2.2 | ± | 1.1 | 0.09 |
n-6 FAs, g | 19.9 | ± | 9.3 | 17.0 | ± | 8.6 | 0.22 |
SFAs, g | 19.6 | ± | 7.0 | 20.8 | ± | 6.8 | 0.61 |
SFAs, % | 10.4 | ± | 2.7 | 10.8 | ± | 2.4 | |
Cholesterol, mg | 249.6 | ± | 108.0 | 321.8 | ± | 138.3 | 0.10 |
Fiber, g | 13.1 | ± | 6.8 | 14.2 | ± | 3.8 | 0.18 |
Vitamin A, μg | 730.1 | ± | 343.8 | 962.4 | ± | 502.2 | 0.13 |
Vitamin E, mg | 9.4 | ± | 7.1 | 18.9 | ± | 24.6 | 0.29 |
Vitamin C, mg | 110.9 | ± | 64.2 | 110.8 | ± | 45.2 | 0.66 |
Vitamin B1, mg | 1.1 | ± | 0.4 | 1.3 | ± | 0.6 | 0.37 |
Vitamin B2, mg | 1.0 | ± | 0.3 | 1.0 | ± | 0.3 | 0.75 |
Niacin, mg | 13.1 | ± | 3.7 | 14.2 | ± | 3.4 | 0.18 |
Vitamin B6, mg | 1.5 | ± | 0.5 | 1.5 | ± | 0.4 | 0.63 |
Vitamin B12, μg | 6.8 | ± | 10.3 | 3.0 | ± | 1.2 | 0.55 |
Folic acid, μg | 250.6 | ± | 112.6 | 280.8 | ± | 82.5 | 0.18 |
Sodium, mg | 1116.9 | ± | 935.0 | 832.3 | ± | 411.9 | 0.23 |
Potassium, mg | 2151.6 | ± | 999.5 | 2089.0 | ± | 434.9 | 0.53 |
Calcium, mg | 543.7 | ± | 415.5 | 508.5 | ± | 185.8 | 0.65 |
Magnesium, mg | 261.9 | ± | 137.8 | 249.8 | ± | 63.5 | 0.42 |
Phosphate, mg | 931.9 | ± | 280.1 | 927.5 | ± | 192.7 | 0.63 |
Iron, mg | 11.1 | ± | 7.4 | 9.5 | ± | 2.3 | 0.68 |
Zinc, mg | 9.7 | ± | 3.0 | 8.5 | ± | 2.2 | 0.30 |
Copper, mg | 58.0 | ± | 42.8 | 106.9 | ± | 79.2 | 0.01* |
Alcohol, g | 0.0 | ± | 0.0 | 1.8 | ± | 4.6 | 0.10 |
Food component | Health (N = 19) | MCI (N = 21) | p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole grains (servings) | 9.4 | ± | 2.1 | 9.7 | ± | 2.1 | 0.89 | |
Soybeans, fish, eggs, and low-fat meat (servings) | 2.8 | ± | 1.2 | 1.8 | ± | 1.1 | 0.03* | |
Soybeans, fish, eggs, and medium-fat meat (servings) | 2.6 | ± | 1.3 | 3.3 | ± | 1.5 | 0.23 | |
Soybeans, fish, eggs, and high-fat meat (servings) | 0.1 | ± | 0.3 | 0.4 | ± | 0.6 | 0.18 | |
Soybeans, fish, eggs, and super high-fat meat (servings) | 0.6 | ± | 0.8 | 0.5 | ± | 0.6 | 0.70 | |
Vegetables (servings) | 1.1 | ± | 0.8 | 1.4 | ± | 1.0 | 0.51 | |
Fruit (servings) | 2.1 | ± | 1.0 | 2.6 | ± | 0.8 | 0.15 | |
Oils, fats, nuts, and seeds (servings) | 7.8 | ± | 3.6 | 6.5 | ± | 2.5 | 0.33 | |
Dairy products (low fat) (servings) | 0.1 | ± | 0.2 | 0.1 | ± | 0.2 | 0.84 | |
Dairy products (whole fat) (servings) | 0.3 | ± | 0.3 | 0.2 | ± | 0.3 | 0.61 |
Healthy (N = 19) | MCI (N = 21) | p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Green leafy vegetables score | 0.8 | ± | 0.3 | 0.8 | ± | 0.2 | 1.00 |
Other vegetables score | 0.5 | ± | 0.5 | 0.6 | ± | 0.5 | 0.79 |
Berries score | 0.0 | ± | 0.0 | 0.0 | ± | 0.0 | 1.00 |
Nuts score | 0.4 | ± | 0.4 | 0.4 | ± | 0.4 | 1.00 |
Olive oil score | 0.2 | ± | 0.4 | 0.4 | ± | 0.5 | 0.15 |
Butter, margarine score | 1.0 | ± | 0.1 | 1.0 | ± | 0.0 | 0.32 |
Cheese score | 0.9 | ± | 0.2 | 1.0 | ± | 0.2 | 0.32 |
Whole grains score | 0.2 | ± | 0.3 | 0.5 | ± | 0.5 | 0.06 |
Fish (not fried) score | 0.8 | ± | 0.4 | 0.9 | ± | 0.4 | 0.59 |
Soybeans score | 0.7 | ± | 0.4 | 0.6 | ± | 0.5 | 0.78 |
Poultry (not fried) score | 0.6 | ± | 0.5 | 0.6 | ± | 0.5 | 0.81 |
Red meat and products score | 0.1 | ± | 0.3 | 0.2 | ± | 0.3 | 0.28 |
Fast and fried foods score | 0.9 | ± | 0.2 | 0.9 | ± | 0.3 | 0.76 |
Pastries and sweets score | 0.8 | ± | 0.4 | 0.7 | ± | 0.5 | 0.35 |
Wine score | 0.0 | ± | 0.0 | 0.0 | ± | 0.2 | 0.37 |
MIND diet score | 8.0 | ± | 1.5 | 8.6 | ± | 1.2 | 0.17 |
MMSE | CDR | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Dietary intake levels | ||||||||
Energy, kcal | <0.001 | 0.10 | -0.09 | 0.36 | <0.001 | 0.85 | -0.01 | 0.47 |
CHO, g | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.42 | 0.31 | <0.001 | 0.59 | 0.04 | 0.43 |
Protein, g | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.47 | 0.31 | <-0.001 | 0.96 | 0.03 | 0.63 |
Fat, g | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.67 | <-0.001 | 0.87 | 0.07 | 0.5 |
MUFAs, g | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.57 | 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.88 | 0.01 | 0.88 |
PUFAs, g | <0.001 | 0.93 | -6.50 | 0.44 | -0.01 | 0.20 | -0.11 | 0.22 |
n-3 PUFAs, g | -0.05 | 0.81 | 6.56 | 0.44 | -0.06 | 0.04* | -0.02 | 0.47 |
n-6 PUFAs, g | <0.001 | 0.88 | 6.87 | 0.43 | <-0.001 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.18 |
SFAs, g | 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.30 | 0.40 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.02 | 0.5 |
Cholesterol, mg | <0.001 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.59 | <0.001 | 0.08 | -0.003 | 0.98 |
Fiber, g | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.17 | 0.61 | <0.001 | 0.54 | 0.03 | 0.46 |
Vitamins | ||||||||
Vitamin A, RE | <0.001 | 0.02* | <0.001 | 0.47 | <0.001 | 0.10 | < 0.001 | 0.87 |
Vitamin E, mg | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.11 | -0.004 | 0.46 |
Vitamin C, mg | 0.01 | 0.008* | 0.01 | 0.17 | <-0.001 | 0.99 | -0.0009 | 0.68 |
Vitamin B1, mg | 0.75 | 0.16 | 1.10 | 0.73 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.63 | 0.12 |
Vitamin B2, mg | 1.64 | 0.06 | 2.21 | 0.61 | 0.05 | 0.73 | 0.26 | 0.71 |
Niacin, mg | 0.08 | 0.31 | -0.01 | 0.95 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 0.05 | 0.08 |
Vitamin B6, mg | 0.86 | 0.16 | 0.79 | 0.73 | -0.01 | 0.93 | -0.7 | 0.05 |
Vitamin B12, μg | -0.01 | 0.82 | 0.01 | 0.98 | -0.01 | 0.09 | < 0.001 | 0.88 |
Folic acid, μg | <0.001 | 0.08 | -0.01 | 0.36 | <0.001 | 0.34 | -0.0007 | 0.71 |
Minerals | ||||||||
Sodium, mg | <0.001 | 0.56 | <0.001 | 0.65 | <-0.001 | 0.21 | -0.0001 | 0.82 |
Potassium, mg | <0.001 | 0.10 | -0.004 | 0.25 | <-0.001 | 0.80 | < 0.001 | 0.58 |
Calcium, mg | <0.001 | 0.004* | 0.001 | 0.04* | <-0.001 | 0.73 | -0.0009 | 0.15 |
Magnesium, mg | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.58 | <-0.001 | 0.72 | -0.002 | 0.61 |
Phosphate, mg | <0.001 | 0.48 | -0.01 | 0.54 | <-0.001 | 0.95 | < 0.001 | 0.88 |
Iron, mg | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.77 | -0.01 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.49 |
Zinc, mg | 0.12 | 0.23 | -0.51 | 0.44 | -0.02 | 0.18 | -0.04 | 0.54 |
Copper, mg | <0.001 | 0.24 | -0.05 | 0.13 | <0.001 | 0.02* | 0.001 | 0.02* |
Alcohol, equivalent | 0.04 | 0.59 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.17 |
MMSE | CDR | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariate | Multivariate a | Univariate | Multivariate b | |||||||
β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |||
Food component | ||||||||||
Whole grains (ex) | 0.02 | 0.86 | 0.19 | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.61 | -0.02 | 0.55 | ||
Soybeans, fish, eggs, and meat (low fat) (ex) | -0.08 | 0.73 | -0.11 | 0.7 | -0.08 | 0.01* | -0.08 | 0.01* | ||
Soybeans, fish, eggs, and meat (medium fat) (ex) | 0.12 | 0.52 | -0.01 | 0.96 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.17 | ||
Soybeans, fish, eggs, and meat (high fat) (ex) | 0.07 | 0.90 | -0.16 | 0.83 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.16 | ||
Soybeans, fish, eggs, and meat (super high fat) (ex) | -0.18 | 0.65 | -0.24 | 0.62 | -0.02 | 0.68 | 0.02 | 0.77 | ||
Vegetables (ex) | 0.01 | 0.97 | 0.15 | 0.69 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.45 | ||
Fruit (ex) | 0.76 | 0.01* | 0.81 | 0.01* | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.03 | 0.59 | ||
Oils, fats, nuts, and seeds (ex) | 0.09 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.18 | -0.02 | 0.21 | -0.03 | 0.06 | ||
Dairy products (low fat) (ex) | -0.38 | 0.76 | 0.21 | 0.89 | 0.10 | 0.62 | 0.08 | 0.71 | ||
Dairy products (whole fat) (ex) | 1.26 | 0.12 | 1.75 | 0.07 | -0.05 | 0.68 | 0.01 | 0.96 |
Low-MIND diet score | High-MIND diet score | ||
---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | p | |
MCI | 1 (Reference) | 0.23 (0.06-0.99) | 0.04* |
All (N = 40) | Healthy (N = 19) | MCI (N = 21) | p | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BUN, mg/dL | 17.2 | ± | 6.7 | 17.0 | ± | 8.1 | 17.3 | ± | 5.3 | 0.46 | |
Serum Cr, mg/dL | 0.8 | ± | 0.3 | 0.8 | ± | 0.4 | 0.8 | ± | 0.3 | 0.69 | |
Albumin, mg/dL | 4.4 | ± | 0.3 | 4.4 | ± | 0.2 | 4.3 | ± | 0.4 | 1.00 | |
FPG, mg/dL | 104.6 | ± | 26.3 | 107.6 | ± | 34.2 | 102.1 | ± | 18.2 | 0.86 | |
HbA1c, % | 6.2 | ± | 0.9 | 6.4 | ± | 1.3 | 6.1 | ± | 0.6 | 0.89 | |
TC, mg/dL | 181.3 | ± | 34.9 | 177.4 | ± | 28.7 | 184.1 | ± | 39.3 | 0.72 | |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 54.9 | ± | 13.1 | 52.8 | ± | 12.9 | 56.5 | ± | 13.4 | 0.37 | |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 107.0 | ± | 30.7 | 104.7 | ± | 26.1 | 108.9 | ± | 34.7 | 0.88 | |
TGs, mg/dL | 104.6 | ± | 24.9 | 110.6 | ± | 30.2 | 100.4 | ± | 20.3 | 0.44 | |
Folate | 14.2 | ± | 8.0 | 13.0 | ± | 7.7 | 15.3 | ± | 8.3 | 0.33 | |
Vitamin B12 | 857.5 | ± | 438.8 | 743.1 | ± | 406.1 | 966.2 | ± | 451.0 | 0.08 |
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