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A Green Voltammetric Determination of Molnupiravir using a Disposable Screen-Printed Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrode: Application to Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Biological Fluid
Nabil, A.; Hendawy, H.A.M.; Abdel-Salam, R.; Ahmed, R.M.; Shawky, A.; Emara, S.; Ibrahim, N. A Green Voltammetric Determination of Molnupiravir Using a Disposable Screen-Printed Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrode: Application for Pharmaceutical Dosage and Biological Fluid Forms. Chemosensors2023, 11, 471.
Nabil, A.; Hendawy, H.A.M.; Abdel-Salam, R.; Ahmed, R.M.; Shawky, A.; Emara, S.; Ibrahim, N. A Green Voltammetric Determination of Molnupiravir Using a Disposable Screen-Printed Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrode: Application for Pharmaceutical Dosage and Biological Fluid Forms. Chemosensors 2023, 11, 471.
Nabil, A.; Hendawy, H.A.M.; Abdel-Salam, R.; Ahmed, R.M.; Shawky, A.; Emara, S.; Ibrahim, N. A Green Voltammetric Determination of Molnupiravir Using a Disposable Screen-Printed Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrode: Application for Pharmaceutical Dosage and Biological Fluid Forms. Chemosensors2023, 11, 471.
Nabil, A.; Hendawy, H.A.M.; Abdel-Salam, R.; Ahmed, R.M.; Shawky, A.; Emara, S.; Ibrahim, N. A Green Voltammetric Determination of Molnupiravir Using a Disposable Screen-Printed Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrode: Application for Pharmaceutical Dosage and Biological Fluid Forms. Chemosensors 2023, 11, 471.
Abstract
A new green-validated and highly sensitive electrochemical method for the determination of molnupiavir (MOV) has been developed using cyclic voltammetry. The proposed analytical platform involves the use of disposable screen-printed reduced graphene oxide 2.5% electrode (SPrGOE 2.5%) for the first time to measure MOV with high specificity. The surface morphology of the sensor was investigated by using a scanning electron microscope armed with an energy-dispersive X-ray probe. The fabricated sensor attains improved sensitivity when sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant was added to the supporting electrolyte solution. Thus, various factors were investigated in order to select the best supporting electrolyte for voltammetric determination of MOV, and the optimum conditions were achieved by employing 0.04 M Britton-Robinson at pH 2, 10-4 M SDS, and SPrGOE 2.5%. Well-defined MOV oxidation peaks were obtained with no reduction peaks in cyclic voltammetry using diffusion-controlled pathways. The method was validated using differential pulse voltammetry according to ICH guidelines, providing it to be precise, accurate, specific, and robust with linearity over a concentration range of 50-6017 ng/mL. The incorporation of the reduced graphene nanoparticles supported the in situ interaction between electrode surface and MOV, improved the selectivity, and reduced the detection limit to the concentration level of 15.98 ng/mL. The stability investigation demonstrated that SPrGOE 2.5% can provide high-stability behavior throughout a three-month period under refrigeration. The fabricated SPrGOE 2.5% was successfully employed for the measurement of MOV in pharmaceutical capsules and human bio-fluids without the interference of endogenous matrix components as well as the commonly used excipient.
Chemistry and Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry
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