Chuchón Angulo, E.; Pereira Filho, A.J. Extreme Droughts and Their Relationship with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation in the Peruvian Altiplano Region over the Last 100 Years. Atmosphere2023, 14, 1233.
Chuchón Angulo, E.; Pereira Filho, A.J. Extreme Droughts and Their Relationship with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation in the Peruvian Altiplano Region over the Last 100 Years. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 1233.
Chuchón Angulo, E.; Pereira Filho, A.J. Extreme Droughts and Their Relationship with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation in the Peruvian Altiplano Region over the Last 100 Years. Atmosphere2023, 14, 1233.
Chuchón Angulo, E.; Pereira Filho, A.J. Extreme Droughts and Their Relationship with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation in the Peruvian Altiplano Region over the Last 100 Years. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 1233.
Abstract
Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) analysis between the anomalies of Lake Titicaca water levels (WLs) and the Pacific Interdecadal Oscillation (IPO) reveals a correlation coefficient of 0.71 between the WLs and the principal component (PC1). These findings demonstrate the high accuracy of the IPO in representing the positive and negative phases of the water levels. By utilizing wavelet functions, we identified multi-decadal variability with periods ranging between 20 and 30 years. The statistical techniques employed indicate a relationship between IPO and ENSO; however, they operate on different timescales of climate variability. The IPO exhibits longer-term variability, typically spanning 20-30 years, while ENSO events occur on average every 2-7 years. Nevertheless, the IPO has the ability to modulate the strength and frequency of El Niño and La Niña events, and vice versa. During the positive phase of the IPO, there is a tendency for more frequent and intense El Niño events, accompanied by fewer La Niña events. This can be attributed to warmer sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, which create favorable conditions for El Niño development. Conversely, during the negative phase of the IPO, there is a tendency for more frequent and intense La Niña events, with fewer occurrences of El Niño events, due to cooler sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific.
Keywords
Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF); Lake Titicaca water levels (WLs); Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO); Wavelet functions; Correlation coefficient; multi-decadal variability; ENSO; El Niño; La Niña
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science and Meteorology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
