Fang, X.; Wang, A.; Lyu, S.; Fraedrich, K. Dynamics of Freezing/Thawing Indices and Frozen Ground from 1961 to 2010 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens.2023, 15, 3478.
Fang, X.; Wang, A.; Lyu, S.; Fraedrich, K. Dynamics of Freezing/Thawing Indices and Frozen Ground from 1961 to 2010 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 3478.
Fang, X.; Wang, A.; Lyu, S.; Fraedrich, K. Dynamics of Freezing/Thawing Indices and Frozen Ground from 1961 to 2010 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens.2023, 15, 3478.
Fang, X.; Wang, A.; Lyu, S.; Fraedrich, K. Dynamics of Freezing/Thawing Indices and Frozen Ground from 1961 to 2010 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 3478.
Abstract
Freezing/thawing indices are important indicators of dynamics of frozen ground on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), especially for areas with limited observations. Based on the numerical outputs of Community Land Surface Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) from 1961 to 2010, this study compared the spatial and temporal variations between air freezing/thawing indices (2 m above the ground) and ground surface freezing/thawing indices in permafrost and seasonally frozen ground (SFG) across the QTP, after presenting changes of frozen ground distribution in each decade in the context of warming and wetting. The results indicate that an area of 0.60×106 km2 permafrost of QTP degraded to SFG in 1960s-2000s, and the primary shrinkage period occurred in 2000s. The air freezing index (AFI) and ground freezing index (GFI) decreased dramatically at the rates of 71.00℃·d/decade and 34.33℃·d/decade from 1961 to 2010, respectively. In contrast, the air thawing index (ATI) and ground thawing index (GTI) increased strikingly with the values of 48.13℃·d/decade and 40.37℃·d/decade in the past five decades. Permafrost showed more pronounced changes in freezing/thawing indices since 1990s compared to SFG. The changes of thermal regimes in frozen ground shows closely relations to air warming until the late 1990s, especially in 1998 when the QTP has undergone the most progressively warming. However, a sharp increase in the annual precipitation from 1998 seems to take a stronger control role on thermal degradation in frozen ground than the air warming in 2000s. Meanwhile, the prominent vegetation expansion further promotes thermally unstable of frozen ground in this highly wetting period.
Keywords
freezing/thawing indices; permafrost dynamics; Community Land Surface Model; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science and Meteorology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
