Pan, D.; Ji, C.; Zhu, T. Characterization of Nonlinear Responses of Non-Premixed Flames to Low-Frequency Acoustic Excitations. Appl. Sci.2023, 13, 6237.
Pan, D.; Ji, C.; Zhu, T. Characterization of Nonlinear Responses of Non-Premixed Flames to Low-Frequency Acoustic Excitations. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 6237.
Pan, D.; Ji, C.; Zhu, T. Characterization of Nonlinear Responses of Non-Premixed Flames to Low-Frequency Acoustic Excitations. Appl. Sci.2023, 13, 6237.
Pan, D.; Ji, C.; Zhu, T. Characterization of Nonlinear Responses of Non-Premixed Flames to Low-Frequency Acoustic Excitations. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 6237.
Abstract
The heat release response of the flame to acoustic excitation is a critical factor for understanding combustion instability. In the present work, the nonlinear heat release response of a methane-air non-premixed flame to the low frequency acoustic excitations is experimentally investigated. The flame describing function (FDF) was measured based on the overall CH* chemiluminescence intensity and the velocity fluctuations obtained by two-microphone method. The CH* chemiluminescence images and the schlieren images were analyzed to reveal the mechanism of nonlinear response. The excitation frequency ranges from 10Hz to 120Hz. The forced relative velocity fluctuation amplitude ranges from 0.10 to 0.50. The corresponding flame Strouhal number (Stf) ranges from 0.43 to 4.67. The study has shown that the flame length responds more sensitively to changes in excitation amplitude when subjected to relatively high frequency excitations. The normalized flame length (Lf/D) decreases from 3.79 to 2.37 with the increase of excitation amplitude at excitation frequency of 100Hz. The number of oscillation zones along the flame increases with increasing excitation frequency, which is consistent with the increase of the Stf. The low-pass filtering characteristic of FDF is caused by the dispersion of multiple oscillation zones, as well as the cancellation effect of the adjacent oscillation zones under relatively high frequency excitation. The cancellation effect of the positive and negative oscillation zones with various Stf is main mechanism for the local gain peak and valley. When two adjacent oscillation regions have approximate amplitudes, the overall phase-lag becomes more sensitive to changes in excitation frequency and amplitude. This sensitivity leads to nonlinear anomalous changes in the phase-lag near the frequency corresponding to the gain valley. The calculated disturbance convection time is consistent with the measured time delay in the short flame scenario. Future research is necessary to establish whether the observed agreement occurs due to the oscillation zone consistently occurring proximate to the flame's center of mass, coupled with a precise determination of the average convective velocity.
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