Doumbia, T.; Liousse, C.; Ouafo-Leumbe, M.-R.; Ndiaye, S.A.; Gardrat, E.; Galy-Lacaux, C.; Zouiten, C.; Yoboué, V.; Granier, C. Source Apportionment of Ambient Particulate Matter (PM) in Two Western African Urban Sites (Dakar in Senegal and Bamako in Mali). Atmosphere2023, 14, 684.
Doumbia, T.; Liousse, C.; Ouafo-Leumbe, M.-R.; Ndiaye, S.A.; Gardrat, E.; Galy-Lacaux, C.; Zouiten, C.; Yoboué, V.; Granier, C. Source Apportionment of Ambient Particulate Matter (PM) in Two Western African Urban Sites (Dakar in Senegal and Bamako in Mali). Atmosphere 2023, 14, 684.
Doumbia, T.; Liousse, C.; Ouafo-Leumbe, M.-R.; Ndiaye, S.A.; Gardrat, E.; Galy-Lacaux, C.; Zouiten, C.; Yoboué, V.; Granier, C. Source Apportionment of Ambient Particulate Matter (PM) in Two Western African Urban Sites (Dakar in Senegal and Bamako in Mali). Atmosphere2023, 14, 684.
Doumbia, T.; Liousse, C.; Ouafo-Leumbe, M.-R.; Ndiaye, S.A.; Gardrat, E.; Galy-Lacaux, C.; Zouiten, C.; Yoboué, V.; Granier, C. Source Apportionment of Ambient Particulate Matter (PM) in Two Western African Urban Sites (Dakar in Senegal and Bamako in Mali). Atmosphere 2023, 14, 684.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to characterize atmospheric pollution and its sources in two West African urban sites during the dry season (January 2009 in Bamako, Mali, and December 2009 in Dakar, Senegal). Particulate Matter (PM) source apportionment was performed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). Carbonaceous components, water-soluble inorganic compounds, and trace elements were analyzed from PM (TSP, PM10, and PM2.5) samples. The measured PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were 5 to 10 times and 3 to 8 times higher than the 2005 WHO 24-hour standards, respectively. PCA and PMF analyses identify five sources in both cities. The sources contributing to aerosol concentrations (PM2.5 - PM10) in Bamako are motor vehicles (20-13%), solid fuel combustion (16-13%), crustal dust (24-30%), resuspended road dust (26-30%) and secondary aerosols (10-16%). During the sampling period in Bamako, dust was the most prevalent source, accounting for 63% of the total PM10 mass. In Dakar, the main identified sources were motor vehicles (28-19%), mineral dust (16-25%), industries and oil burn-ing (11-10%), sea salts (15-20%), and resuspended road particles (21-29%). The findings also indicate that anthropogenic emissions contribute significantly to the PM2.5 fraction, implying that populations are highly exposed to fine particles.
Keywords
Air quality; particulate matter; source receptor models; PCA; PMF; West Africa.
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science and Meteorology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
