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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
Submitted:
03 March 2023
Posted:
03 March 2023
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Reference, Studied topic |
Country Setting |
Study Design |
Diagnostic criteria & Instruments Bone Lean/Muscle Adipose |
Sample size, n (%) Intervention |
Age (years) | OSA/OSO Prevalence2 n (%) |
Assessment Tools |
Compared to3 | Outcomes in OSA/OSO group (or others if indicated) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cvijetic, S, 2023 [14], Nutritional status in nursing homes residents during COVID | Croatia, Six Nursing Homes |
C-S Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
T-score ≤-1 for total bone mass With BIA-ACC |
S-score ≤-1 With BIA- ACC |
BF%: F ≥32; M ≥25 With BIA- ACC |
Total, n=365; F, n=296 (81); M, n=69 (18.9) |
Mean, 83.7 F, 84.3 M, 83.1 |
Total, n=242 (66.3); F, n=209 (70.8); M, n=33 (47.8) |
BIA-ACC BioTekna® Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA); Other questionnaires |
Normal; Others, combination of: osteoporosis and/or sarcopenia and/or obesity alone |
-32.4% and 31.3% of F and M were at risk for malnutrition and 5.8% and 6.2% of F and M, respectively were malnourished; -No difference in malnourishment or risk of it in those with or without OSA; -No difference in OSA prevalence or nutritional status in those with or without COVID; -Lower phase angle (indicating lower cell integrity and muscle quality); -Lower total bone mass; -Higher intramuscular adipose tissue |
Keser, I, 2021 [15] Several nutrients; Body water distribution in nursing home residents | Croatia, Nursing Home |
C-S Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
T-score ≤-1 for total bone mass With BIA-ACC |
S-score ≤-1 With BIA- ACC |
BF%: F ≥32; M ≥25 With BIA- ACC |
Total, n=84; F, n=69 (82); M, n=15 (18) |
Mean 83.5 Range 65.3-95.2 |
Total, n=45 (53.6); F, n=37 (53.6); M, n=8 (53.3) |
BIA-ACC BioTekna® 24-h recall; Other questionnaires |
Osteopenic adiposity, adiposity alone | -Lower trend for protein, omega-3, fiber, Ca, Mg, K, vitamins D and K intake; -All participants consumed nutrients below recommendations; -Signif. higher extracellular water, indicating higher inflammation |
NoPIlich, JZ,* 2019 [21] Weight loss with low fat dairy foods and calcium/ vitamin D supplements effects on bone and body composition | United States, Community dwelling Caucasian, overweight/obese postmeno-pausal women | Inclus/Exclusion Criteria applied; 6-month intervention with 3 randomized groups (dairy, suppl., placebo); All samples blinded for analysis |
T-score ≤-1 for hip and/or spine for osteopenia (no osteoporosis) With iDXA |
Total lean mass (kg); Android lean (kg) Gynoid lean (kg) With iDXA |
BF%: Average at baseline 45.9 With iDXA |
At baseline with complete data, n=135 (dairy, n=64, Ca/vitD suppl., n=62, placebo, n=62); At 6-month, n=97 (dairy, n=32, Ca/vitD suppl., n=37, placebo, n=30); Moderate energy restriction (85% of total energy needs) to all participants Dropout: 28.2%; Imputed analyses for missing data |
Mean 55.8 at base-line; 6.6 years since meno-pause |
Not reported; All three body composition components were measured and evaluated at baseline and after 6 months of intervention |
iDXA; Routine lab equipment and ELISA (for blood and urine samples; 3-day dietary records; Activity records |
Baseline values; Groups after 6 months of intervention |
-All participants lost ~4%, ~3%, and ~2% body weight, fat, and lean mass, respectively; -Dairy group: signif. higher loss in waist, hip, and abdominal circumferences and body fat (total, android); signif. lower loss in lean mass (total, android); -Supplement group: signif. lower decrease in total body, spine, radius BMD; signif. increase in femoral neck and total femur BMD |
NoPIlich, JZ,* 2022 [22]; Secondary analysis to Ilich, JZ 2019 [21] Weight loss with low-fat dairy foods and calcium/ vitamin D supplements effects on cardio-metabolic risk |
-All participants improved in (due to weight loss): cardiometabolic indices (BP, TC, triglycerides, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, ApoA1, ApoB) -Dairy group: Signif. decrease in BP, TC, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C, ApoB, leptin; signif. increase in adiponectin, ApoA1 -Supplement group: Signif. decrease in BP, triglycerides, LDL-C, ApoB, leptin; signif. increase in HDL-C, adiponectin, ApoA1 |
||||||||||
AChoi, M, 2021 [16] Dietary Calcium and phosphorus intake |
S. Korea, KNHANES 2008-2011 |
C-S Retro- spective Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
T-score ≤-1 for hip and/or spine to include osteopenia & osteoporosis With DXA |
SMI F ≤5.4 kg/m2; M ≤7.0 kg/m2 With DXA |
BF%: F ≥32; M ≥25 With DXA BMI: kg/m2 overweight ≥23<25, obese ≥25 |
Total, n=7007; F, n=3864 (55.1); M, n=3143 (44.9) |
Mean, 62.3 OSA-65.5; More women (68.4%) |
Total, n=763 (10.9) F and M combined |
DXA 24-h recall |
Total of 8 groups: Normal and combinations: osteoporosis, and/or sarcopenia and/or obesity alone |
-Lower calcium intake signif. associated with osteosarcopenia and OSA; -Lower phosphorus intake signif. associated with sarcopenic adiposity; - Ca/P ratio (below median) signif. associated with osteopenic adiposity -Signif. lower activity in OSA compared to normal group |
AChoi, M, 2020 [17] Protein intake: total and plant-based |
S. Korea, KNHANES 2008-2009 |
C-S Retro- spective Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
T-score ≤-1 for hip and/or spine to include osteopenia & osteoporosis With DXA |
ALM/Weight <1SD of Korean reference population (20-39 y old) With DXA |
BF%: F ≥32; M ≥25 With DXA BMI: kg/m2 overweight ≥23<25, obese ≥25 |
Total, n=1351; F, n=706; M, n=645 |
Mean 60.5; F-OSA 65.5 M-OSA 63.8 |
Total, n=865 (64.0); F, n=649 (91.9); M, n=216 (33.4) |
DXA 24-h recall |
Normal, only; No other groups were considered |
-M >65 y consuming <0.91 g/kg of protein (Korean recommend.) had 5.8 higher odds of developing OSO; -Plant-based protein intake in M-OSO was higher than in M-normal. -Energy consumption in M-OSA higher than in M-normal. -Signif. lower intense physical activity in M-OSO |
Bae, Y-J, 2020 [18] Fruit intake, vitamin C, potassium |
S. Korea KNHANES 2008- 2010 |
C-S Retro-spective Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
T-score ≤-1 for hip and/or spine to include osteopenia & osteoporosis With DXA |
ALM/weight <1SD of reference population |
Waist circumference ≥85 cm | Total, n=1420 F only |
Range 50-64; OSO 58 |
n=194 (13.7) | DXA, 24-h recall |
Normal; osteopenia/ osteoporosi; sarcopenia; and/or obesity | -Signif. lower intake of potassium and vitamin C; - Signif. lower intake of fruits rich in vitamin C and potassium |
Ade Franca, NAG, 2020 [19] Dietary intake, muscle strength, sedentary lifestyle |
Brazil; Community dwelling; Health Survey of the City of São Paulo. (ISA-Capital 2015) (2015 ISA-Nutrition) |
C-S Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
T-score ≤-1 for hip and/or spine to include osteopenia and osteoporosis With DXA |
ALM/BMI F <0.512 M <0.789 With DXA |
FMI M>9 kg/m2; F>13 kg/m2 with DXA |
Total, n=218; F, n=113 (52); M, n=105 (48); older adults, n=161 (74) |
Mean 63; Range 59–69 |
Total, n=14 (6.4) F and M combined |
DXA 24-h recall; Handgrip with Jamar® dynamometer; Gait speed usual pace, 4 m/min |
Normal + 6 groups: osteopenia/osteoporosis; sarcopenia; obesity; osteopenic sarcopenia; osteopenic obesity; sarcopenic obesity | - Signif. lower protein intake (g/kg/Wt) but not as % of energy; -None of other nutrients were signif. different among groups; - Signif. lower grip strength and more time spent sitting |
NoPCervo, MM, 2020 [23] Energy- adjusted Dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) |
Australia: Population-based community dwelling; Southern Tasmania, TASOAC 2002-2004 |
Prospective; with follow-up at 5 and 10 years; Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
Changes in T-score ≤-1 for hip and/or spine to include osteopenia & osteoporosis; With DXA |
Changes in ALM whole-body DXA; Hand grip strength; Knee extension; fall risks | Baseline BF%: F ~40 M ~28 With whole-body DXA BMI kg/m2: F ~28 M ~ 27.7 |
Total at baseline, n=1098: F, n=562 (51); M, n=536 (49); At 5 years, n=768; At 10 years, n=566 |
Mean at baseline: 63; Range 51-79 |
Not reported; For every unit increase in E-DII score, Incidence fracture increased 9% in M but decreased 12% in F |
DXA, FFQ to calculate E-DII scores; Dynamometers for changes in grip strength and knee extension; PPA for changes in fall risk; Self -assessment questionnaires for fractures |
With baseline values and changes at five and 10 years of follow-up |
-Consumption of pro-inflammatory diet (higher E-DII scores), increased incidence of fractures over 10 years in M, but not in F, despite being associated with reductions in lumbar spine and total hip BMD in both sexes; -E-DII scores signif. associated with higher fall risk scores and lower ALM in M but not in F. |
Park S, 2018 [20] Dietary inflammatory index (DII); Higher scores denote higher proinflamma-tory diet |
S. Korea, KNHANES, 2009-2011 |
C-S Retro- spective Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
T-score ≤-1 for hip and/or spine to include osteopenia & osteoporosis; With DXA |
ALM/weight <1SD of reference population; with DXA |
BMI: kg/m2 based on Asian-Pacific guidelines overweight ≥23<25, obese ≥25 | Total, n=1344 F only |
Mean 62.3; OSO 64 |
Total, n=455 (31.8) | DXA, 24-h recall, DII score |
Normal, osteosarco-penia, osteopenic obesity, sarcopenic obesity | -DII scores signif. associated with higher risk for OSO; -Groups with osteosarcopenia, osteopenic obesity, sarcopenic obesity had signif. lower intake of vitamins C and E compared to the normal group |
Kim J, 2017 [13] Diet Quality-Index-International (DQI-I); higher scores denote better food quality intake | S. Korea KNHANES 2008-2010 |
C-S Retro- spective Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
T-score ≤-1 (for Asian reference population) With DXA |
ALM/Weight <1SD of Korean reference population (20-39 y old) With DXA |
BF% ≥40 of body fat by gender With DXA |
Total, n=6129; F, n=3550; M, n=2579 |
F 61.9; M 60.8; OSO F 64.3; OSO M 64.2 |
F 25%; M 13.5% |
DXA, 24-h recall, |
Healthy Korean adults aged 20–39 years |
-In F: Higher scores on the DQI-I associated with better body composition phenotypes; -Signif. less intake of fish, mushrooms, milk, energy, protein -Tendency of less frequent consumption of meat, eggs; -In M: DQI-I scores were not associated with body composition abnormalities. |
Reference, Studied topic |
Country Setting |
Study Design |
Diagnostic criteria & Instruments Bone Lean/Muscle Adipose |
Sample size n (%) | Age (years) | OSA/OSO Prevalence2 (%) | Assessment Tools |
Compared to3 | Outcomes in OSA/OSO group (or others if indicated) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chung, S-J, 2022 [26] Serum ferritin; Subjects stratified by serum ferritin tertiles | S. Korea, Medical health screening and check-up | C-S Two-center; Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
T-score ≤-1 for hip and/or spine to include osteopenia & osteoporosis; With DXA | SMI <1SD of reference population; With BIA |
BF%: F ≥35; M ≥25 With DXA |
Total, n=25,546; F, n=16,912; M, n=8634 |
Mean 58.7; F, 58.3; M, 59.6; F-OSO 66.3; M-OSO 67.7 |
Total, 7.9%; F, 6.4%; M, 9.4% |
DXA; InBody-720; Cobas 8000 (for ferritin), Roche Diagnostics | Normal; combinations: osteoporosis, and/or sarcopenia and/or obesity | -Higher serum ferritin signif. associated with combined adverse body composition in F, but not in M; -F in the highest ferritin tertiles had the highest OSO prevalence |
NoPMa, Y, 2020 [27] 25(OHD); Subjects stratified by 25(OH)D tertiles |
China Nine provinces,(commu- nities) |
C-S Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
T-score ≤-1 for hip and/or spine to include osteopenia & osteoporosis With DXA |
ALM; <1SD than mean; F 13.9 kg M 20.2 With DXA |
BF%: F 36 M 27.5 With whole-body DXA |
Total, n=4506; F, n=2905 (64.5); M, n=1601 (33.5) |
Mean: 68.1; F, 67.6 M, 68.6 |
Not reported | DXA; Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (for 25(OH)D) |
Osteopenic obesity, Sarcopenic obesity, Obesity-only |
-25(OHD) deficiency associated with greater likelihood of OSO; -Independent negative dose-response associations of 25(OHD) with OSO and other impaired body composition components |
AKim, YM, 2019 [28] Serum 25(OH)D | S. Korea KNHANES V, 2008-2011 |
Retro- spective; Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
T-score ≤-1 for hip and/or spine to include osteopenia & osteoporosis With DXA |
ALM/Weight <1SD of reference population With DXA |
BF%: F ≥35; M ≥ 25 |
Total, n=3267; F, n=2187; M, n=1080 |
Mean 64.2; F 63.8; M 64.6; F-OSO 66.3; M-OSO 67.7 |
Total 36.1%; F, 40.1%; M, 28.1% |
DXA; Radioimmuno assay(DiaSorin) with 1470 Wizard γ-counter |
Osteopenic obesity, Sarcopenic obesity, Obesity-only |
-Both F-OSO and M-OSO had signifi. lower serum 25(OH)D (<20 ng/mL); -Both F and M engaged in the lowest physical activity; -F-OSO had the highest prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome |
Kim, J, 2017 [29] Serum 25(OHD) | S. Korea KNHANES IV, 2008-2010 |
C-S Retro- Spective; Inclus/Exclusion criteria applied |
T-score ≤-1 (for Asian reference population) With DXA |
ALM <1SD of ref. population With DXA |
BF% ≥ 40 of body fat by gender With DXA |
Total, n=5908; F, n=3423; M, n=2485 |
Mean 61.2; F 61.7; M 60.7; F-OSO 64.2; M-OSO 63.9 |
Total, 19.3%; F, 25%; M, 13.5% |
DXA; DiaSorin (for 25(OH)D); 24-h recall |
Osteopenic obesity, Sarcopenic obesity, Obesity -only |
-Signif. higher prevalence of 25(OH)D (<20 ng/mL) in both F and M; -Higher 25(OH)D in mid- and later life signif. associated with reduced odds of adverse body composition, leading to OSA (stronger in M) |
Reference, Studied topic |
Country Setting |
Study Design |
Diagnostic criteria & Instruments Bone Lean/Muscle Adipose |
Sample size (n) AND Intervention | Age (years) | Prevalence2 n (%) |
Assessment Tools |
Compared to3 | Outcomes in OSA/OSO group (or others if indicated) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lee, Y-H, 2021 [30] Progressive resistance training (peRET) effects on functional performance and body composition |
Taiwan, Community dwelling women |
Inclus/Exclusion Criteria applied; 12-week intervention with 2 randomized groups; Blinded randomization into groups |
T-score ≤-1 for spine to include osteopenia & osteoporosis; With DXA | SMI <5.67 kg/m2; AND grip strength <20 kg; OR gait speed <0.8 m/s | BF%: ≥35 | Total, n=27; peRET, n=15; 40 min, three times/w; OR Control, n=12; No dropouts; >85% exercise compliance; Follow-up at 6 months |
Mean 70.9; No diff. among groups |
All participants, as per inclusion criteria | DXA; BIA Dynamometer, Thera-Band® |
Baseline values; Control group of OSO women (attended group lectures with educational material) |
-Signif. increase in BMD and T-score for spine -Signif. improvement in Functional Forward Reach; Timed up-and-go test; Timed chair-rise test; Gait speed; -No change in BF%, and some lean tissue parameters; -No sustainable benefits after 6 months follow-up |
Shen, LI, 2020 [35] Aerobic exercise and resistance training combined effects on body composition |
China, Community dwelling, women and men |
Inclus/Exclusion Criteria applied; 12-week intervention with 2 randomized groups; No mention on assessor blinding |
T-score ≤-1 to include osteopenia & osteoporosis; With DXA | SMI F ≤5.4 kg/m2; M ≤7.0 kg/m2 |
BF%: F ≥35; M ≥25 |
Total, n=30; Exercise, n=15; 45-60 min/day, 3 times/w; OR Control, n=15; |
>60 No diff. between groups |
All participants, as per inclusion criteria | DXA; BIA Dynamometer, Elastic band |
Control group of OSO women and men |
-Signif. increase in BMD and decrease in BF%; - No change in SMI |
NoPCunha, PM, 2018 [31] Resistance training volume (1 & 3 sets) effects on bone, muscle and body fat |
Brazil, Community dwelling, women |
Inclus/Exclusion Criteria applied; 12-week intervention with 3 randomized groups; Blinded randomization into groups |
No specific identification for bone, muscle and body fat status. Composite OSO Z-score derived from average of the muscular strength, SMM, % body fat, and BMDcomponents was calculated by formula: (muscularstrength Z-score)+(SMM Z-score)+(−1xbody fat Z-score)+(BMD Z-score)/4 |
Total, n=62; Intervention groups: 1-set training (n=21, for 15 min); OR 3-sets (n=20, for 50 min) 3-times/w; OR Control (n=21); ≥85% exercise compliance |
Mean 67.4; No diff. among groups |
Not reported | DXA; Repetition Maximum (RM) by chest press, knee extension, preacher curl exercise |
Baseline values; Also, 1 set vs. 3 sets of training; Control group |
-Signif, increase in total strength; SMM; -Signif improvement in OSO Composite Z-score from baseline to-post test -Signif, decrease in body fat; -No change in BMD -Dose response to higher activity (3 sets induced higher improvement than 1 set); -Both sets induced higher improvement compared to control |
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Banitalebi, E,* 2020 [34] Elastic band resistance training effects on body composition, functionality, various OSO biomarkers |
Iran, Community dwelling women |
Inclus/Exclusion Criteria applied; 12-week intervention with 2 randomized groups; Concealed randomization (based on age and OSO composite Z-scores) into groups; Blood samples blinded for analysis |
T-score ≤-1 for hip and/or spine to include osteopenia & osteoporosis; With DXA |
10 m walk test ≤ 1 (m/s); SMI ≤ 28% OR ≤ 7.76 kg/m2 |
BF%: ≥32 BMI: >30 kg/m2 |
Total, n=63; Progressive Elastic Band resistance training up to 60 min. (3 times/week), n=32; OR Control, n=31; Intention to treat analysis; 85% exercise compliance; 19% & 29% dropout in exp. and control groups, respectively; 25% participants reported side effects in first 3 sessions Total, n=48; Training, n=26 OR Control, n=22; Intention to treat analysis; 85% exercise compliance |
Range 60-80; Mean 64.1 No difference between groups |
All participants, as per inclusion criteria | DXA; Dynamometer Thera-Band® ELISA for blood tests |
Control group of OSO women |
-Signif. increase in handgrip strength, timed chair-rise test, muscle quality; -Signif. increase in estradiol and decrease in leptin; -Slight improvement in OSO composite Z-score; -No difference in BMD; BF; SMI; gait speed and timed-up-and-go test |
Banitalebi, E,* 2021 [32] Elastic band resistance training effects on OSO markers, serum microRNAs |
-Slight but insignificant improvement in OSO serum and other markers; -Serum microRNAs (miR-133 & miR-206) changes correlated with changes in FRAX scores, serum 25(OH)D and alkaline phosphatase |
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Banitalebi, E,* 2023 [33] Elastic band resistance training effects on cardiometabolic risk factors |
-Signif. decrease in ipid-accumulation product; Triglyceride-glucose-BMI index; Visceral adiposity index; Atherogenic index of plasma; Framingham risk score; -NO change in Triglycerides; Triglyceride-glucose index; triglyceride-glucose-waist circumference index; C-reactive protein; Metabolic syndrome severity score |
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Hashemi, A,* 2020 [36] Elastic band resistance training effects on vascular aging, serum microRNA-146 |
-Signif. decrease in serum miR-146; total cholesterol, LDL -Signif. increse in HDL; -NO difference in body weight, BMI, BMD, C-reactive protein |
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Kazemipour, N* 2022 [37] Elastic band resistance training effects on insulin growth factor (IGF-1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) |
-Signif. increase in IGF-1 and FGF-2 NOT significant: Relationship of IGF-1 and FGF-2 with BMD -NO change in BMD |
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