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Biomineralization Process in Three-Dimensional Scaffolds Based on Bacterial Nanocellulose for Bone Tissue Engineering: Chemi-Cal and Morphological Features, and Stem Cell Differentiation
Cañas-Gutiérrez, A.; Toro, L.; Fornaguera, C.; Borrós, S.; Osorio, M.; Castro-Herazo, C.; Arboleda-Toro, D. Biomineralization in Three-Dimensional Scaffolds Based on Bacterial Nanocellulose for Bone Tissue Engineering: Feature Characterization and Stem Cell Differentiation. Polymers2023, 15, 2012.
Cañas-Gutiérrez, A.; Toro, L.; Fornaguera, C.; Borrós, S.; Osorio, M.; Castro-Herazo, C.; Arboleda-Toro, D. Biomineralization in Three-Dimensional Scaffolds Based on Bacterial Nanocellulose for Bone Tissue Engineering: Feature Characterization and Stem Cell Differentiation. Polymers 2023, 15, 2012.
Cañas-Gutiérrez, A.; Toro, L.; Fornaguera, C.; Borrós, S.; Osorio, M.; Castro-Herazo, C.; Arboleda-Toro, D. Biomineralization in Three-Dimensional Scaffolds Based on Bacterial Nanocellulose for Bone Tissue Engineering: Feature Characterization and Stem Cell Differentiation. Polymers2023, 15, 2012.
Cañas-Gutiérrez, A.; Toro, L.; Fornaguera, C.; Borrós, S.; Osorio, M.; Castro-Herazo, C.; Arboleda-Toro, D. Biomineralization in Three-Dimensional Scaffolds Based on Bacterial Nanocellulose for Bone Tissue Engineering: Feature Characterization and Stem Cell Differentiation. Polymers 2023, 15, 2012.
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) surface has a negative charge that allows the adsorption of calcium ions to initiate the nucleation of different calcium phosphate phases. The aim of this study was to investigate different methods of mineralization on three-dimensional microporous bacterial nanocellulose, to mimetize the composition, structure, and biomechanical properties of natural bone. To generate 3D microporous biomaterial, the porogen particles were incorporated during the BNC fermentation with the strain Komagataeibacter medellinensis. Calcium phosphates (CPs) were deposited on BNC scaffolds by five alternating immersing cycles with calcium and phosphate solutions. Scanning electron microscopy micrograph showed that the scaffolds have different pore sizes, between 70 and 350 µm, but the porous interconnectivity was affected by the biomineralization method and time. The crystals on the BNC surface are shown to be rod-shaped with a calcium phosphate ratio similar to that of immature bone, increasing from 1.13 to 1.6 with cycle numbers. The main mineral phases obtained by X-ray diffraction were Octacalcium Dihydrogen Hexakis (phosphate (V)) Pentahydrate (OCP). In vitro cell studies showed good cellular adhesion and higher cell viability to 95% in all the scaffolds. Osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the scaffolds was evaluated by bone expression markers like alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. In conclusion, it is possible to prepare 3D BNC scaffolds with controlled microporosity, which could allow osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.
Keywords
nanocomposites; bacterial nanocellulose; microporosity; biomineralization process and bone regeneration
Subject
Chemistry and Materials Science, Biomaterials
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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