Submitted:
30 January 2023
Posted:
01 February 2023
You are already at the latest version
Abstract
This prospective single-center study was designed to assess the clinical utility of the FilmArray® blood culture identification (BCID) panel for improving the diagnostic accuracy in neonatal sepsis. Results obtained using the FilmArray® BCID panel were correlated with results of blood culture in all consecutive neonates with suspicion of early-onset (EOS) and late-onset sepsis (LOS) attended in our service over a 2-year period. A total of 102 blood cultures from 92 neonates were included, 69 (67.5%) in cases of EOS and 33 (32.3%) in LOS. The FilmArray® BCID panel was performed in negative culture bottles at a median of 10 hours of blood culture incubation (range 7.5-20 hours), without differences by the type of sepsis. The FilmArray® BCID panel showed a 66.7% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, and 95.7% negative predictive value. There were four false-negative cases, three of which of Streptococcus epidermidis in neonates with LOS and one case of Granulicatella adiacens in one neonate with EOS. We conclude that the use of the FilmArray® BCID panel in negative blood cultures from neonates with clinical suspicion of sepsis is useful in decision-making of starting or early withdrawal of empirical antimicrobials because of the high specificity and negative predictive values of this assay.
Keywords:
neonatal sepsis
; blood culture
; early-onset sepsis
; late-onset sepsis
; FilmArray® blood culture identification panel
; neonates.
1. Introduction
Neonatal sepsis remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality both among preterm and term neonates [1]. Sepsis in newborns is a serious medical condition and when neonatal sepsis clinically suspected, a blood sample for culture should obtained and empirical antimicrobial treatment initiated since delayed treatment is commonly associated with adverse outcomes [2,3]. Antimicrobials are usually maintained for 48 hours, which is the standard time needed for identification of most microorganisms, including slowly growing pathogens. However, antimicrobial exposure, particularly during the first week of life and in preterm infants, increases the risk of late-onset sepsis (LOS), necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, and death [4].
Different biomarkers are currently used for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, such as white blood count and absolute neutrophil count, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and cytokines, but they have a very low positive predictive value due to the low specificity [5,6,7,8,9]. Blood culture is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, but its positivity rate is affected by volume of blood submitted for culture, level of bacteremia, or prenatal antibiotic use, which can delay the growth of bacteria and the time to positivity with a negative impact on the sensitivity of the test [10,11].
Recently, new molecular microbiological diagnostic methods that allow shortening the identification time of microorganisms in positive blood cultures have been developed. Hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification are some of these methods [12,13,14,15]. The FilmArray® Blood Culture Identification (BCID) assay (BioFire Diagnostics Salt Lake City, UT, USA) has been approved for use in positive blood cultures. However, off-label application of this assay in negative blood cultures is also being evaluated [16,17] in order to reduce the use of antimicrobial therapy. In a pilot study of culture-negative samples from neonates with suspected bloodstream infection, using the BioFire BCID panel at 20 to 24 hours of incubation provided 100% true negative results [17].
Following this previous encouraging results [17] and based on the fact that most blood cultures in neonatal bloodstream infections flagged positive during the first 12 hours of life [18], a study was designed to assess whether the use of the FilmArray® BCID panel before 20 hours continues to maintain a high negative predictive value. In this case, the clinical utility of this assay would contribute not only to reduce the use of empirical antimicrobial treatment, but also to prevent initiation of antimicrobial therapy in neonates with suspected early-onset (EOS) and late-onset sepsis (LOS).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
A single-center prospective study was conducted in all consecutive neonates with suspected bloodstream infection admitted to the Unit of Neonatology of a tertiary care hospital in Oviedo (Asturias, Spain) between April 2018 and April 2020. Participants were preterm or term neonates with suspicion of neonatal sepsis on clinical grounds or according to the presence of antenatal or perinatal risk factors for infection. Neonatal sepsis was divided into EOS and LOS based on the age of presentation after birth using 72 hours as the cutoff. The objective of the study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the FilmArray® BCID panel applied to negative blood cultures as compared with final blood culture results obtained after 5 days of incubation. It was hypothesized that availability of results of a rapid test with a high diagnostic accuracy would be clinically relevant to reduce the use of empirical antimicrobial treatment or even to prevent starting of antimicrobials in neonates with either EOS or LOS. The study period corresponded to the first 2 years of implementation of the FilmArray® technique in our institution.
The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Central University Hospital of Asturias (Oviedo, Spain) (code 2020.285, approval July 15, 2020). The Ethics Committee waived the requirement to obtain the informed consent of parents or legal guardians of neonates because blood sampling was performed in routine conditions of daily practice.
2.2. Blood Culture Ascertainment and FilmArray® Assay
Once a neonate presented clinical signs and symptoms of sepsis or was identified as requiring sepsis evaluation due to risk factors for sepsis, a blood culture was obtained. At the Microbiology Laboratory, the blood volume required for the FilmArray® assay according to specifications of the manufacturer was extracted. The FilmArray® BCID panel (bioMérieux España, Madrid, Spain) is a PCR multiplex system certified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), CE-IVD (European Union In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Regulation [IVDR]), and Therapeutics Good Administration (TGA) that analyzes a list of 24 pathogens and 3 genes of antimicrobial resistance (Table 1). Among the microorganisms included in the panel are those involved as causative pathogens in the majority of EOS and LOS diagnosed in neonates in our country.
The FilmArray® BCID panel is approved for use on positive blood cultures for a rapid etiological diagnosis and adjustment of antimicrobial treatment. In the present study, however, the use of the FilmArray® BCID panel was off-label in cultures reported negative for at least 6 hours of incubation.
2.3. Study Variables
For each patient the following data were recorded: gestational age; birth weight; risk factors for EOS (such as intrapartum maternal fever, maternal and/or fetal tachycardia, maternal leukocytosis, duration of rupture of membranes, characteristics of the amniotic fluid, maternal antimicrobial therapy, result of maternal vaginal swab); plasma levels of acute reactants, including interleukin (IL) IL-6 and C-reactive protein (CRP); microbiological results (peripheral exudates, cerebrospinal fluid, blood culture); results of the FilmArray® BCID panel and time of incubation; age at diagnosis of sepsis; neonatal clinical manifestations; length of stay; days on antimicrobial treatment; and changes in the management of neonates according to results of the FilmArray® assay.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
Categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages, and continuous variables as mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile ranges (IQR). A true positive result was defined when positivity of the FilmArray® assay and the blood culture coincided for the same pathogen; true negative when both techniques were negative; false positive when the FilmArray® was positive but the blood culture was subsequently negative; and false negative when the FilmArray® assay was negative but the blood culture was subsequently positive. Descriptive statistics of the study population was performed, and diagnostic accuracy of the FilmArray® BCID panel included the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values with the 95% confidence interval (CI). The SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for data analysis.
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics of Neonates
The study sample included 102 blood culture specimens recovered from 92 neonates with suspicion of neonatal sepsis admitted to the Unit of Neonatology during the study period. A total of 69 blood cultures were taken from neonates with suspected EOS and 33 from neonates with suspected LOS. The clinical characteristics of neonates and results of laboratory tests in the groups of EOS and LOS are shown in Table 2. In the group of EOS, 69.6% of neonates had suggestive clinical manifestations of sepsis (such as respiratory distress, tachypnea, fever, vomiting, poor general condition, etc.) and 30.4% were asymptomatic but presented perinatal risk factors for infection (19 cases with suspicion of chorioamnionitis due to intrapartum maternal fever, and 2 cases due to spontaneous preterm delivery at 25 weeks of gestational age). In the group of LOS, there were 6 asymptomatic neonates in whom blood cultures were indicated because of an increase in biomarkers of bloodstream infection (IL-6 and/or CRP) during routine laboratory analyses.
3.2. Diagnostic Accuracy of the FilmArray® BCID panel
Of the total 102 blood cultures, positivity was detected in 12 cases (11.8%), 4 of which in EOS (Granulicatella adiacens, Escherichia coli, Listeria, and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus [CoNS], one case each) and 8 in LOS (CoNS in 4 cases, E. coli in 1, Staphylococcus aureus in 2, and S. agalactiae in 1).
The FilmArray® assay was performed after a median incubation time of the blood cultures of 10 hours (IQR 8-20), with 9 hours (IQR 8-25) in the EOS group and 10 hours (IQR 8-15.7) in the LOS group. Positive results were obtained in 8 cases and negative results in 94 (Table 3).
The diagnostic accuracy of the FilmArray® BCID panel for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis showed a 66.7% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, and 95.7% negative predictive value (Table 4). In the group of EOS, the FilmArray® assay showed a 75% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, and 98% negative predictive value, whereas in the group of LOS, there was a 62% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, and 89% negative predictive value.
There were four cases of false negative results, one in the group of EOS and three in the group of LOS. In the false negative case of the EOS group, the causative pathogen was Granulicatella adiacens, a Gram-positive coccus not included in the FilmArray® panel. In the three false negative cases detected in the group of LOS, the causative pathogen was S. epidermidis in all three, two cases in the same patient with blood culture incubation periods of 7 and 9 hours, respectively, and 24 hours in the remaining patient. Both patients were preterm neonates of less than 28 weeks’ gestation.
The use of the FilmArray® BCID panel allowed to make a change in the management of 51.9% of neonates with suspicion of sepsis (53 cases of 102 blood cultures), increasing up to 60.8% in the EOS group (42 cases of 69 blood cultures). Of the 53 cases in which a change was made based on negative results of the FilmArray® assay, antimicrobial therapy was not started in 32 cases (60.4%), whereas in the remaining 21 cases (39.6%) it was possible to withdraw the antimicrobial treatment without risks for the neonate. The median length of antimicrobial therapy in blood culture negative cases was 2 days.
4. Discussion
In our country and since 1998, various scientific societies have jointly developed a protocol for the prevention of group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection in neonates at risk of EOS [5], which includes different approaches from serial clinical assessments to laboratory analysis of infection biomarkers and blood culture. A number of factors, however, have shown an influence on the variability of diagnostic alternatives in the management of newborns at risk, including overdiagnosis of chorioamnionitis (frequently based solely on intrapartum maternal fever); intrapartum antimicrobial therapy that contributes to negative blood cultures; the low specificity and negative predictive value of infection biomarkers used in neonates (IL-6, CRP, procalcitonin); or the lack of specificity of clinical manifestation of sepsis, particularly in preterm newborns [2,6,8]. All these circumstances contribute to overuse of antimicrobials and associated detrimental effects, such as an increase in antimicrobial resistance, emergence of multiresistant organisms, increased risk of Candida spp, colonization and subsequent candidiasis, disruption of the developing neonatal gut microbiome, and higher health care costs [4,19,20,21]. In a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between antibiotic use in neonates and early adverse outcomes, prolonged antibiotic exposure in uninfected infants was associated with an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis, invasive fungal infections and/or death [22].
Although antimicrobials are a central part of the first-line treatment of neonatal sepsis and it is crucial getting an accurate diagnosis and to identify culture-proven sepsis, many challenges remain. Blood culture, the current gold standard for diagnosis of sepsis, suffers from low sensitivity and a reporting delay of approximately 48-72 hours, so that rapid and sensitive tests that can inform clinicians regarding the institution or optimization of antimicrobial therapy are urgently needed. The ideal diagnostic test should have adequate diagnostic accuracy (specificity and negative predictive value) to reliable exclude sepsis and avoid unnecessary antimicrobial therapy. Molecular microbiological assays offer rapid diagnosis and distinct advantages over blood cultures as they are not influenced by the volume of sample or concurrent antimicrobials use. The FilmArray® assay BCID panel has a favorable diagnostic profile as includes the most common causative pathogens of neonatal EOS and LOS in our environment [19].
In the present study, the FilmArray® assay was used in blood negative cultures (off- label) to assess the negative predictive value of the test in order to avoid or reduce the use of empirical antimicrobial therapy in neonates with suspected sepsis. Similarly, a previous study of Massa-Buck et al. [17] has demonstrated successful off-label application of the FilmArray® assay to identify microorganisms from neonatal blood cultures with suspected sepsis prior to positivity. We found a 100% specificity, 95.7% negative predictive value, and 4 cases of false negative results. In one case, Granuticatella adiacens was isolated, a pathogen not included in the FilmArray® panel and an exceptional etiology of EOS [19,23]. The remaining 3 cases were caused by CoNS in neonates with LOS, and in 2 of them the incubation period until performance of the molecular test was less than 10 hours. This incubation period and/or the fact that may be contaminants (low concentration of the microorganism) rather than true sepsis (usual finding in CoNS isolates in neonatal units) may be the reason for negative results of the FilmArray® assay [24].
However, from a clinical perspective, the negative predictive value of the test allowed empirical antimicrobial therapy to be reduced or even never used in 51.9% of neonates with suspected sepsis (clinical manifestations and/or elevated biomarkers), which represents a considerable reduction in the use of antimicrobials. In normal conditions, the expected duration of antimicrobial treatment would be around 5 days, when the final report of the blood culture is usually provided. Based on the present findings, the FilmArray® assay BCID panel is currently an essential tool for guiding antimicrobial decision making in neonates with suspected sepsis admitted to our unit.
The single-center design and the small number of blood culture specimens evaluated are limitations of the study.
5. Conclusions
In the present study, the use of the FilmArray® BCID panel in negative blood cultures prior to 20 hours of incubation showed a high specificity and negative predictive value, which makes this test a useful tool in decision-making on starting or early withdrawal of empirical antimicrobial treatment in neonatal sepsis.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, M.C.-J. and B.F.-C.; methodology, M.C.-J., B.F.-C. and J.F.-S.; formal analysis, M.C.-J. and B.F.-C.; investigation, M.C.-J., B.F.-C., J.F.-S., R.P.A.-L., S.L.-V., L.M.-F., G.S.-S. and M.S.-R.; data curation, R.P.A.-L., S.L.-V., L.M.-F., G.S.-S. and M.S.-R; writing—original draft preparation, M.C.-J. and B.F.-C.; writing—review and editing, J.F.-S., R.P.A.-L., S.L.-V., L.M.-F., G.S.-S. and M.S.-R.; supervision, B.F.-C.; project administration, B.F.-C.; funding acquisition, B.F.-C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was founded by “Grupo Castrillo” Foundation, Oviedo, Spain.
Data Availability Statement
Data of the study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Marta Pulido, for editing the manuscript and editorial assistance.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The “Grupo Castrillo” Foundation had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
References
- Camacho-Gonzalez, A.; Spearman, P.W.; Stoll, B.J. Neonatal infectious diseases: evaluation of neonatal sepsis. Pediatr. Clin. North. Am. 2013, 60, 367–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puopolo, K.M.; Benitz, W.E.; Zaoutis, T.E. Committee on Fetus and Newborn; Committee on Infectious Diseases. Management of neonates born at ≥35 0/7 weeks’ gestation with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis. Pediatrics 2018, 142, e20182894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puopolo, K.M.; Benitz, W.E.; Zaoutis, T.E. Committee on Fetus and Newborn; Committee on Infectious Diseases. Management of neonates born at ≤34 6/7 weeks’ gestation with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis. Pediatrics 2018, 142, e20182896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cotton, C.M. Adverse consequences of neonatal antibiotic exposure. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2016, 28, 141–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia (SEGO), Sociedad Española de Neonatología (SEN), Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC), Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia (SEQ), Sociedad Española de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria (SEMFYC). Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal infections: revised Spanish recommendations 2012. Prog Obstet Ginecol 2012, 55, 337–346.
- Dhudasia, M.B.; Benitz, W.E.; Flannery, D.D.; Christ, L.; Rub, D.; Remaschi, G.; Puopolo, K.M.; Mukhopadhyay, S. Diagnostic performance and patient outcomes with C-reactive protein use in early-onset sepsis evaluations. J. Pediatr. 2022, Dec 16:S0022-3476(22)01123-4. [CrossRef]
- Mikhael, M.; Brown, L.S.; Rosenfeld, C.R. Serial neutrophil values facilitate predicting the absence of neonatal early-onset sepsis. J. Pediatr. 2014, 164, 522-8.e1-3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharma, D.; Farahbakhsh, N.; Shastri, S.; Sharma, P. Biomarkers for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: a literature review. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018, 31, 1646–1659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brown, J.V.E.; Meader, N.; Wright, K.; Cleminson, J.; McGuire, W. Assessment of C-reactive protein diagnostic test accuracy for late-onset infection in newborn infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2020, 174, 260–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harewood, F.C.; Curtis, N.; Daley, A.J.; Bryant, P.A.; Gwee, A.; Connell, T.G. Adequate or inadequate? The volume of blood submitted for blood culture at a tertiary children’s hospital. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2018, 57, 1310–1317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chauhan, N.; Tiwari, S.; Jain, U. Potential biomarkers for effective screening of neonatal sepsis infections: An overview. Microb. Pathog. 2017, 107, 234–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liesenfeld, O.; Lehman, L.; Hunfeld, K.P.; Kost, G. Molecular diagnosis of sepsis: New aspects and recent developments. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2014, 4, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Straub, J.; Paula, H.; Mayr, M.; Kasper, D.; Assadian, O.; Berger, A.; Rittenschober-Böhm, J. Diagnostic accuracy of the ROCHE Septifast PCR system for the rapid detection of blood pathogens in neonatal sepsis-A prospective clinical trial. PLoS One 2017, 12, e0187688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tröger, B.; Härtel, C.; Buer, J.; Dördelmann, M.; Felderhoff-Müser, U.; Höhn, T.; Hepping, N.; Hillebrand, G.; Kribs, A.; Marissen, J.; et al. Clinical relevance of pathogens detected by multiplex PCR in blood of very-low-birth weight infants with suspected sepsis - Multicentre Study of the German Neonatal Network. PLoS One 2016, 11, e0159821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MacVane, S.H.; Nolte, F.S. Benefits of adding a rapid PCR-based blood culture identification panel to an established antimicrobial stewardship program. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2016, 54, 2455–2463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Almuhayawi, M.; Altun, O.; Strålin, K.; Ozenci, V. Identification of microorganisms by FilmArray and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry prior to positivity in the blood culture system. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2014, 52, 3230–3236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Massa-Buck, B.; Mendoza, S.; Keiser, J.; Mohamed, M-A. Use of rapid molecular polymerase chain reaction in early detection of bacteremia in neonates prior to blood culture positivity: A pilot study. Am. J. Perinatol. 2022, Feb 11. [CrossRef]
- Arias-Felipe, A.; Ramírez-Berrios, J.; Recio-Martinez, R.; Orellana-Miguel, M.A.; Fontiveros-Escalona, D.; Bergón-Sendín, E.; de Alba-Romero, C. Determining time to positivity of blood cultures in a neonatal unit. J. Pediatric Infect. Dis. Soc. 2022, 11, 510–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fernandez Colomer, B.; Cernada Badia, M.; Coto Cotallo, D.; Lopez Sastre, J.; Grupo Castrillo Network. The Spanish National Network "Grupo Castrillo": 22 years of nationwide neonatal infection surveillance. Am. J. Perinatol. 2020, 37, S71–S75.
- Sola, A. Abuse of antibiotics in perinatology: negative impact for health and the economy. Neoreviews 2020, 21, e559–e570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fjalstad, J.W.; Esaiassen, E.; Juvet, L.K.; van den Anker, J.N.; Klingenberg, C. Antibiotic therapy in neonates and impact on gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance development: a systematic review. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2018, 73, 569–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Esaiassen, E.-; Fjalstad, J.W.; Juvet, L.K.; van den Anker, J.N.; Klingenberg, C. Antibiotic exposure in neonates and early adverse outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2017, 72, 1858–1870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bizzarro, M.J.; Callan, D.A.; Farrel, P.A.; Dembry, L.M.; Gallagher, P.G. Granulicatella adiacens and early-onset sepsis in neonate. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2011, 17, 1971–1973. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Benenson, S.; Cohen, M.J.; Greenglick, N.; Schwartz, C.; Eventov-Friedman, S.; Ergaz, Z. The validity of positive coagulase-negative staphylococcus cultures for the diagnosis of sepsis in the neonatal unit. Am. J. Perinatol. 2022, May 31. [CrossRef]
Table 1.
FilmArray® blood culture identification panel (BCID).
| Gram-positive bacteria |
Enterococcus Listeria monocytogenes Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococcus pneumoniae |
| Gram-negative bacteria |
Acinetobacter baumannii Haemophilus influenzae Neisseria meningitidis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacter cloacae complex Escherichia coli Klebsiella oxytoca Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus Serratia marcescens |
| Yeasts |
Candida albicans Candida glabrata Candida krusei Candida parapsilosis Candida tropicalis |
| Antimicrobial resistance genes | mecA: methicillin resistance Van-A/Van-B: vancomycin resistance KPC: carbapenem-resistant K.pneumoniae |
Table 2.
Clinical and laboratory data in infants with suspected neonatal sepsis.
| Study variables | Early-onset sepsis (n = 69) |
Late-onset sepsis (n = 33) |
| Gestational age, weeks, mean (SD) | 37.8 (3.7) | 31.8 (5.7) |
| Birth weight, g, mean (SD) | 2934 (738) | 2852 (1109) |
| Antenatal risk factors * | ||
| Maternal vaginal swab for group B Streptococcus, n (%) | ||
| Negative | 46 (66.7) | |
| Positive | 11 (15.9) | |
| Unknown | 12 (17.4) | |
| Maternal antimicrobial prophylaxis, n (%) | ||
| Yes | 26 (37.7) | |
| No | 41 (54.9) | |
| Unknown | 2 (2.9) | |
| Time of membrane rupture, hours, median (IQR) | 11.0 (5-24) | |
| Intrapartum maternal fever (≥ 38°C), n (%) | ||
| Yes | 39 (56.5) | |
| No | 24 (34.8) | |
| Unknown | 6 (8.7) | |
| Asymptomatic at diagnosis, n (%) | 21 (30.4%) | 6 (18.2) |
| Clinical signs and symptoms at diagnosis, n (%) | 48 (69.6) | 27 (81.8) |
| Acute phase reactants | ||
| IL-6, pg/mL | ||
| Median (IQR) | 446.5 (80-1330) | 145 (47-300) |
| ≥ 300 pg/mL, n (%) | 36 (52.2) | |
| ≥ 85 pg/mL, n (%) | 21 (63.6) | |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | ||
| Median (IQR) | 2.1 (0.2-4.3) | 3.5 (1.7-9.2) |
| ≥ 2 mg/dL, n (%) | 35 (50.7) | 22 (66.7) |
* Early-onset neonatal sepsis only.
Table 3.
Positive and negative results of blood cultures and the FilmArray® BCID panel in 102 samples.
Table 3.
Positive and negative results of blood cultures and the FilmArray® BCID panel in 102 samples.
| FilmArray® assay | Blood culture | Total | |
| Positive | Negative | ||
| Positive | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| Negative | 4 | 90 | 94 |
| Total | 12 | 90 | 102 |
Table 4.
Accuracy of the FilmArray® BCID panel for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis compared with blood culture.
Table 4.
Accuracy of the FilmArray® BCID panel for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis compared with blood culture.
| FilmArray® assay | All neonatal sepsis | Early-onset sepsis | Late-onset sepsis |
| Diagnostic accuracy, % (95% CI) | |||
| Sensitivity | 66.7 (32-100) | 75 (20-100) | 62 (19-100) |
| Specificity | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Positive predictive value | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Negative predictive value | 95.7 (90-100) | 98 (94-100) | 89 (74-100) |
CI: confidence interval.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
