Preprint Article Version 12 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

The Imaginary Universe

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How to cite: Łukaszyk, S. The Imaginary Universe. Preprints 2022, 2022120045. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202212.0045.v12 Łukaszyk, S. The Imaginary Universe. Preprints 2022, 2022120045. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202212.0045.v12

Abstract

Imaginary dimensions in physics require an imaginary set of base natural units and some negative parameter $c_n$ corresponding to the speed of light in vacuum $c$. The second, negative fine-structure constant $\alpha_2^{-1} \approx -140.178$ is present in Fresnel coefficients for the normal incidence of electromagnetic radiation on monolayer graphene, leading to these imaginary natural units, and it establishes $c_n \approx -3.06 \times 10^8~\text{[m/s]}$. It follows that electric charges are the same in real and imaginary dimensions. We model neutron stars and white dwarfs, emitting perfect black-body radiation, as objects having energy exceeding their mass-energy equivalence ratios. We define complex energies in terms of real and imaginary natural units. Their imaginary parts, inaccessible for direct observation, store the excess of these energies. It follows that black holes are fundamentally uncharged, charged micro neutron stars and white dwarfs with masses lower than $5.7275 \times 10^{-10}~[\text{kg}]$ are inaccessible for direct observation, and the radii of white dwarfs' cores are limited to $R_{\text{WD}} < 3.3967~R_{\text{BH}}$, where $R_{\text{BH}}$ is the Schwarzschild radius of a white dwarf mass. It is conjectured that the maximum atomic number $Z=238$. A black-body object is in the equilibrium of complex energies of masses, charges, and photons if its radius $R_\text{eq} \approx 1.3833~R_{\text{BH}}$, which is marginally greater than a locally negative energy density bound of $4/3~R_{\text{BH}}$. Complex Newton’s law of universal gravitation, based on complex energies, leads to the black-body object's surface gravity and the generalized Hawking radiation temperature, which includes its charge. The proposed model takes into account the value(s) of the fine-structure constant(s), which is/are otherwise neglected in general relativity, and explains the registered (GWOSC) high masses of neutron stars' mergers and the associated fast radio bursts (CHIME) without resorting to any hypothetical types of exotic stellar objects.

Keywords

emergent dimensionality; imaginary dimensions; natural units; fine-structure constant; black holes; neutron stars; white dwarfs; patternless binary messages; complex energy; complex force; Hawking radiation; extended periodic table; general relativity; entropic gravity; holographic principle; mathematical physics

Subject

Physical Sciences, Mathematical Physics

Comments (1)

Comment 1
Received: 17 April 2023
Commenter: Szymon Łukaszyk
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author
Comment: Comments on the $\Lambda$CDM model of cosmology (Boylan 2023).
Size-to-mass ratio as the function of the Schwarzschild radius.
The no-hair theorem discussion.
The equilibrium size-to-mass ratio discussion in the context of state-of-the-art.
BBO gravitational potential conjecture.
BBO quantum statistics extension.
Clarity corrections.
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