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The Upgraded Planck System of Units
Version 1
: Received: 19 September 2022 / Approved: 1 October 2022 / Online: 1 October 2022 (05:35:29 CEST)
How to cite: Christodoulou, D.M.; Kazanas, D. The Upgraded Planck System of Units. Preprints 2022, 2022100001. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202210.0001.v1 Christodoulou, D.M.; Kazanas, D. The Upgraded Planck System of Units. Preprints 2022, 2022100001. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202210.0001.v1
Abstract
Natural systems of units $\{U_i\}$ need to be overhauled to include the dimensionless coupling constants $\{\upalpha_{U_i}\}$ of the natural forces. Otherwise, they cannot quantify all forces in a unified manner. Thus, each force must furnish a system with at least one dimensional and one dimensionless constant. We revisit three natural systems of units (atomic, cosmological, and Planck). The Planck system is easier to rectify, and we do so in this work. The atomic system discounts $\{ G, \upalpha_G \}$, thus it cannot account for gravitation. The cosmological system discounts $\{ \slashed{h}, \upalpha_\slashed{h} \}$, thus it cannot account for quantum physics. Here, the symbols have their usual meanings; in particular, $\upalpha_G$ is the gravitational coupling constant and $\upalpha_\slashed{h}$ is the fine-structure constant. The speed of light $c$ and the impedance of free space $Z_0$ are resistive properties of the vacuum, thus they must be present in all systems of units. The upgraded Planck system $${\rm UPS} \,:=\,\{ c, Z_0, G, \upalpha_G, \slashed{h}, \upalpha_\slashed{h}, \,\dots\,\!\},$$ describes all physical scales in the universe---it is nature's system of units. As such, it reveals a number of properties, most of which have been encountered previously in seemingly disjoint parts of physics, and some of which have been designated as mere coincidences. Based on the UPS results, that relate (sub)atomic scales to the Planck scale and the fine-structure constant to the Higgs field, we can state with confidence that no observed/measured physical properties are coincidental in this universe.
Keywords
Atomic processes, Cosmological parameters, Cosmology: theory, Elementary particles, Gravitation.
Subject
Physical Sciences, Particle and Field Physics
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Simple Summary:
We connect the Planck scale to the subatomic world; we explain the physical meaning of the famous dimensionless constant “137;” we derive the masses of the quarks, leptons, and vector bosons from the Higgs field; and we deduce the origin of Koide’s K = 2/3 enigmatic
constant from first principles.