Version 1
: Received: 15 August 2022 / Approved: 16 August 2022 / Online: 16 August 2022 (09:52:17 CEST)
How to cite:
Lin, P.; Laliotis, G. The Present and Future of Clinical Management in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Preprints2022, 2022080285. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202208.0285.v1
Lin, P.; Laliotis, G. The Present and Future of Clinical Management in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Preprints 2022, 2022080285. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202208.0285.v1
Lin, P.; Laliotis, G. The Present and Future of Clinical Management in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Preprints2022, 2022080285. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202208.0285.v1
APA Style
Lin, P., & Laliotis, G. (2022). The Present and Future of Clinical Management in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202208.0285.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Lin, P. and George Laliotis. 2022 "The Present and Future of Clinical Management in Metastatic Breast Cancer" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202208.0285.v1
Abstract
Regardless of the advances in our ability to detect early and treat breast cancer, it is still one of the common types of malignancy worldwide, with the majority of patients decease upon metastatic disease. Nevertheless, due to these advances, we have extensively characterized the drivers and molecular profiling of breast cancer and further dividing it into subtypes. These subgroups are based on immunohistological markers (Estrogen Receptor-ER, Progesterone Receptor-PR and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-HER-2) and transcriptomic signatures, with distinct therapeutic approaches and regiments. These therapeutic approaches include targeted therapy (HER-2+), endocrine therapy (HR+) or chemotherapy (TNBC) with optional combination radiotherapy, depending on clinical stage. Technological and scientific advances in the identification of molecular pathways that contribute to therapy-resistance and establishment of metastatic disease, have provided the rationale for revolutionary targeted approaches against Cyclin-Dependent Kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6), PI3 Kinase (PI3K), Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP) and Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1), among others. In this review, we focus on the comprehensive overview of epidemiology and current standard of care treatment of metastatic breast cancer, along with ongoing clinical trials. Towards this goal, we utilized available literature from PubMed and ongoing clinical trial information from clinicaltrials.gov to reflect the up to date and future treatment options for metastatic breast cancer.
Keywords
Breast; cancer; metastasis; oncology
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
