The Beginning to the End of the Universe and Eternal Space-time

Amrit Ladhani

doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0121.v3

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preprints.org > physical sciences > astronomy and astrophysics > doi: 10.20944/preprints202207.0121.v3

Preprint Article Version 3 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

The Beginning to the End of the Universe and Eternal Space-time

Amrit Ladhani

Version 1 : Received: 5 July 2022 / Approved: 7 July 2022 / Online: 7 July 2022 (09:23:27 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 14 July 2022 / Approved: 15 July 2022 / Online: 15 July 2022 (12:09:47 CEST)
Version 3 : Received: 17 July 2022 / Approved: 18 July 2022 / Online: 18 July 2022 (10:23:23 CEST)
Version 4 : Received: 17 August 2022 / Approved: 19 August 2022 / Online: 19 August 2022 (04:35:00 CEST)
Version 5 : Received: 5 March 2023 / Approved: 6 March 2023 / Online: 6 March 2023 (16:14:30 CET)
Version 6 : Received: 15 December 2023 / Approved: 15 December 2023 / Online: 18 December 2023 (06:27:08 CET)
Version 7 : Received: 9 June 2024 / Approved: 10 June 2024 / Online: 11 June 2024 (08:51:38 CEST)

How to cite: Ladhani, A. The Beginning to the End of the Universe and Eternal Space-time. Preprints 2022, 2022070121. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0121.v3 Ladhani, A. The Beginning to the End of the Universe and Eternal Space-time. Preprints 2022, 2022070121. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0121.v3

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ladhani, A. The Beginning to the End of the Universe and Eternal Space-time. Preprints 2022, 2022070121. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0121.v3

APA Style

Ladhani, A. (2022). The Beginning to the End of the Universe and Eternal Space-time. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0121.v3

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ladhani, A. 2022 "The Beginning to the End of the Universe and Eternal Space-time" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202207.0121.v3

Abstract

We propose a cosmological model in which the Big Bang was not the beginning of space and time; there was a previous phase leading up to it, with multiple cycles of contraction and expansion that repeat indefinitely; from big bang to big crunch. The observed accelerated expansion, which relates the stretching of Shrunk space for the new theory, is derived. As pressure of shrink space decreases, the stretching of shrunk space increases, that is although in general, decelerate in the pressure of shrink space leads to accelerate the expansion of space. (The pressure of shrink space approaching zero at the end of accelerated expansion, and all the Shrunk space would be expanded), after that a period of slow contraction will begin, thus bringing the universe back to contract to its initial state, ending in a Big Crunch. The universe will not continue to expand forever, no need however, for dark energy. The new definition of eternal space and its unique property enables us to describe a sequence of events from the Big Bang to the Big Crunch.

Keywords

Eternal Space-time; Big Bang and Big Crunch; Cosmology; Gravitational Force; Dark Energy.

Subject

Physical Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Comments (1)

Comment 1

Received: 18 July 2022
Commenter: Amrit Ladhani
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author

Comment: We have explained the brief history of the universe from the beginning to the end of the Universe. The universe will not continue to expand forever, no need however, for dark energy. This model is best understood by pictures rather than a large number of equations.
The theory of eternal Space-time and it consists of unique properties, which enables us to describe a sequence of events from the Big Bang to the Big Crunch. It appears that we now have two disparate possibilities: It could be that our universe is cyclic and no beginning; there may have been Big Bangs before ours, and a universe with a definite beginning. The ultimate arbiter will be Nature.

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