Article
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Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
Before the Big Bang: the Apollonian Universe
Version 1
: Received: 19 May 2022 / Approved: 20 May 2022 / Online: 20 May 2022 (03:16:41 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 13 July 2022 / Approved: 14 July 2022 / Online: 14 July 2022 (03:50:34 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 13 July 2022 / Approved: 14 July 2022 / Online: 14 July 2022 (03:50:34 CEST)
A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.
Gaztanaga, E. (2022). The black hole universe, part ii. Symmetry, 14(10), 1984. Gaztanaga, E. (2022). The black hole universe, part ii. Symmetry, 14(10), 1984.
Abstract
We propose that the Big Bang does not have a singular start, but that it originates from gravitational collapse of a low density cloud that collapsed 25 Gyrs ago to form a Black Hole (BH) of mass M ≃ 6 × 1022M⊙. The collapse continued inside the BH for 11Gyrs until the density achieves neutron degeneracy and the collapse bounces into expansion like a core collapse supernova. From observations today, this model is very similar to the standard Big Bang cosmology but there is no need for Inflation or Dark Energy (DE). The observed cosmological constant Λ is not a new form of DE, but results from the dynamics of the Big Bang expansion inside the BH event horizon rS = 2GM = √3/Λ. Why our Universe has such a large mass M (or small Λ value)? If τO(≃ 10Gyr) is the astronomical timescale needed for observers like us to exist, we find a simple anthropic prediction, based only on gravitational collapse from Gaussian fluctuations, that the maximum probability for M is MO < M < 3MO where MO = τO/3G. This agrees well with the measured values for τO and M in our Universe.
Keywords
cosmology; dark energy; general relativity; black holes
Subject
Physical Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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