Review
Version 1
Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
Orphan Receptors in Prostate Cancer
Version 1
: Received: 17 January 2022 / Approved: 18 January 2022 / Online: 18 January 2022 (15:08:22 CET)
A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.
Sakellakis, M. Orphan receptors in prostate cancer. The Prostate. 2022; 1- 9. Sakellakis, M. Orphan receptors in prostate cancer. The Prostate. 2022; 1- 9.
Abstract
Background: The identification of new cellular receptors has been increasing rapidly. A receptor is called “orphan” if an endogenous ligand has not been identified yet. Methods: Here we review receptors that contribute to prostate cancer and are considered orphan or partially orphan. This means that the full spectrum of their endogenous ligands remains unknown. Results: The orphan receptors are divided into two major families. The first group includes G protein-coupled receptors. Most are orphan olfactory receptors. OR51E1 inhibits cell proliferation and induces senescence in prostate cancer. OR51E2 inhibits prostate cancer growth, but promotes invasiveness and metastasis. GPR158, GPR110 and GPCR-X play significant roles in prostate cancer development and progression. However, GPR160 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The other major subset of orphan receptors are nuclear receptors. RORα inhibits tumor growth, but RORγ stimulates androgen receptor signaling. PXR contributes to metabolic deactivation of androgens and inhibits cell proliferation. TLX has pro-tumorigenic effects in prostate cancer, while its knockdown triggers cellular senescence and growth arrest. Estrogen-related receptor ERRγ can inhibit tumor growth but ERRα is pro-tumorigenic. Dax1 and Shp are also inhibitory in prostate cancer. Conclusion: There is a “zoo” of relatively underappreciated orphan receptors that play key roles in prostate cancer.
Keywords
Orphan; receptors; nuclear; olfactory; prostate; cancer
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Oncology and Oncogenics
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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