Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Hubble Expansion as an Einstein Curvature

Version 1 : Received: 7 September 2021 / Approved: 8 September 2021 / Online: 8 September 2021 (11:08:46 CEST)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Marr, J.H. Hubble Expansion as an Einstein Curvature. Journal of Modern Physics 2022, 13, 969–991, doi:10.4236/jmp.2022.136055. Marr, J.H. Hubble Expansion as an Einstein Curvature. Journal of Modern Physics 2022, 13, 969–991, doi:10.4236/jmp.2022.136055.

Abstract

Hubble expansion may be considered as a velocity per photon travel time rather than as velocity or redshift per distance. Dimensionally, this is an acceleration and will have an associated curvature of space under general relativity. This paper explores this theoretical curvature as an extension to the spacetime manifold of general relativity, generating a modified solution with three additional non-zero Christoffel symbols, and a reformulated Ricci tensor and curvature. The observational consequences of this reformulation were compared with the ΛCDM model for luminosity distance using the extensive type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) data with redshift corrected to the CMB, and for angular diameter distance with the recent baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO) data. For the SNe Ia data, the modified GR and ΛCDM models differed by −0.15+0.11μB mag. over zcmb=0.01−1.3, with overall weighted RMS errors of ±0.136μB mag for modified GR and ±0.151μB mag for ΛCDM espectively. The BAO measures spanned a range z=0.106−2.36, with weighted RMS errors of ±0.034 Mpc with H0=67.6±0.25 for the modified GR model, and ±0.085 Mpc with H0=70.0±0.25 for the ΛCDM model. The derived GR metric for this new solution describes both the SNe Ia and the BAO observations with comparable accuracy to ΛCDM without requiring the inclusion of dark matter or w’-corrected dark energy.

Keywords

cosmology; theory; cosmology; observations; Hubble flow; dark energy; dark matter

Subject

Physical Sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics

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