Working Paper Article Version 1 This version is not peer-reviewed

# Baryogenesis in the Desert between Electroweak and Grand Unification Scale

Version 1 : Received: 1 September 2021 / Approved: 3 September 2021 / Online: 3 September 2021 (15:55:43 CEST)

How to cite: Gong, B. Baryogenesis in the Desert between Electroweak and Grand Unification Scale. Preprints 2021, 2021090072 Gong, B. Baryogenesis in the Desert between Electroweak and Grand Unification Scale. Preprints 2021, 2021090072

## Abstract

As the Universe is dominated by of baryons, there must have been a process in early Universe creating such a asymmetry via baryon number violation. However, until recently all the confirmed experimental data indicate that lepton and baryon number are conserved in agreement with Standard Model of quarks and leptons. This paper proposes an alternative path of baryogenesis. Once the over abundant magnetic monopoles predicted by grand unification emerged at universe temperature of $10^{16}$ GeV, then their annihilation should first give rise to photons driving the expansion of the early universe. As the universe temperature dropped to the desert scale of around 10 EeV, departure from thermal equilibrium occurred. Thus the annihilation produced photons give rise to electron-positron pairs, which collide with remnant magnetic monopoles and antimonopoles. The resultant unstable intermediate X and antiX particle become asymmetric, and thereby leading to baryon asymmetry. The excess of antimonopoles corresponding to ten times of mass comparing with that of baryons provides a natural candidate for dark matter. The physics of such a desert regime baryogenesis can be simply characterized by three parameters. The collision predicts a ratio of particle and anti-particle equivalent to that of ultra-high-energy neutrino to their anti-particle, which can be tested by future observations, e.g., the constructing IceCube-Gen2.

## Keywords

cosmology; inflation; baryogenesis; magnetic monopole

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