Version 1
: Received: 21 July 2021 / Approved: 22 July 2021 / Online: 22 July 2021 (11:44:18 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 28 July 2021 / Approved: 29 July 2021 / Online: 29 July 2021 (13:28:33 CEST)
How to cite:
Igiri, B.; Okoduwa, S.I.R.; Munirat, S.A.; Otu-Bassey, I.B.; Bashir, A.; Onyiyioza, O.M. Diversity in Typhoid Diagnostic Protocols And Recommendation for Composite Reference Standard. Preprints2021, 2021070515. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202107.0515.v1
Igiri, B.; Okoduwa, S.I.R.; Munirat, S.A.; Otu-Bassey, I.B.; Bashir, A.; Onyiyioza, O.M. Diversity in Typhoid Diagnostic Protocols And Recommendation for Composite Reference Standard. Preprints 2021, 2021070515. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202107.0515.v1
Igiri, B.; Okoduwa, S.I.R.; Munirat, S.A.; Otu-Bassey, I.B.; Bashir, A.; Onyiyioza, O.M. Diversity in Typhoid Diagnostic Protocols And Recommendation for Composite Reference Standard. Preprints2021, 2021070515. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202107.0515.v1
APA Style
Igiri, B., Okoduwa, S.I.R., Munirat, S.A., Otu-Bassey, I.B., Bashir, A., & Onyiyioza, O.M. (2021). Diversity in Typhoid Diagnostic Protocols And Recommendation for Composite Reference Standard. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202107.0515.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Igiri, B., Abdullahi Bashir and Otori Mercy Onyiyioza. 2021 "Diversity in Typhoid Diagnostic Protocols And Recommendation for Composite Reference Standard" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202107.0515.v1
Abstract
Typhoid fever is a major public health burden which causes substantial global morbidity and mortality due to lack of decisive diagnostic protocols. The capacity of commonly use diagnostic test to validate the absence of typhoid fever is controversial. This study explores to evaluate new techniques for typhoid diagnosis and proposed a harmonised suitable standardized composite reference to be adopted. Published peer-reviewed articles indexed in PubMed, MEDLINE and Google scholar were reviewed for hospital-based studies. This study reveals new typhoid diagnostic techniques such as proteomics, serology, Rapid Diagnostic tests (RDTs), transcriptomics, genomics, and metabolomics. 34.4% of the studies use prospective study design. The study result establishes that, Widal test has a moderate diagnostic accuracy with average percentage sensitivity (52.9%), specificity (54%), positive predictive value (PPV) (56.8%) as well as negative predictive value (NPV) (55.6%) when compared with 29.4%, 28%, 29.5%, and 27.8% of Typhidot respectively. The findings showed a statistically significant difference on the sensitivity between Widal and Typhidot t (40) = 2.639, p = 0.012 at p<0.05 using independent sample t-test. When there is no perfect reference standard that has an optimal diagnostic accuracy, the need for a harmonised suitable standardized composite reference is essential. Hence, this study recommends that, peripheral blood culture with established sensitivity of 60% and Widal test with average sensitivity of 52.9% be adopted as a consensus composite reference standard for typhoid fever diagnosis in other to improve confidence in prevalence estimates.
Biology and Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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