Arce, L.S.D., Osco, L.P., Arruda, M.d.S.d. et al. Mauritia flexuosa palm trees airborne mapping with deep convolutional neural network. Sci Rep 11, 19619 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98522-7
Arce, L.S.D., Osco, L.P., Arruda, M.d.S.d. et al. Mauritia flexuosa palm trees airborne mapping with deep convolutional neural network. Sci Rep 11, 19619 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98522-7
Arce, L.S.D., Osco, L.P., Arruda, M.d.S.d. et al. Mauritia flexuosa palm trees airborne mapping with deep convolutional neural network. Sci Rep 11, 19619 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98522-7
Arce, L.S.D., Osco, L.P., Arruda, M.d.S.d. et al. Mauritia flexuosa palm trees airborne mapping with deep convolutional neural network. Sci Rep 11, 19619 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98522-7
Abstract
Accurately mapping individual tree species in densely forested environments is crucial to forest inventory. When considering only RGB images, this is a challenging task for many automatic photogrammetry processes. The main reason for that is the spectral similarity between species in RGB scenes, which can be a hindrance for most automatic methods. State-of-the-art deep learning methods could be capable of identifying tree species with an attractive cost, accuracy, and computational load in RGB images. This paper presents a deep learning-based approach to detect an important multi-use species of palm trees (Mauritia flexuosa; i.e., Buriti) on aerial RGB imagery. In South-America, this palm tree is essential for many indigenous and local communities because of its characteristics. The species is also a valuable indicator of water resources, which comes as a benefit for mapping its location. The method is based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to identify and geolocate singular tree species in a high-complexity forest environment, and considers the likelihood of every pixel in the image to be recognized as a possible tree by implementing a confidence map feature extraction. This study compares the performance of the proposed method against state-of-the-art object detection networks. For this, images from a dataset composed of 1,394 airborne scenes, where 5,334 palm-trees were manually labeled, were used. The results returned a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.75 trees and an F1-measure of 86.9%. These results are better than both Faster R-CNN and RetinaNet considering equal experiment conditions. The proposed network provided fast solutions to detect the palm trees, with a delivered image detection of 0.073 seconds and a standard deviation of 0.002 using the GPU. In conclusion, the method presented is efficient to deal with a high-density forest scenario and can accurately map the location of single species like the M flexuosa palm tree and may be useful for future frameworks.
Keywords
Convolutional Neural Network; Deep Learning; Environmental Monitoring
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science and Meteorology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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