Small Symmetrical Deformation of Thin Torus with Circular Cross-Section

By introducing a variable transformation \(\xi=\frac{1}{2}(\sin \theta+1)\), a complex-form ordinary differential equation (ODE) for the small symmetrical deformation of an elastic torus is successfully transformed into the well-known Heun's ODE, whose exact solution is obtained in terms of Heun's functions. To overcome the computational difficulties of the complex-form ODE in dealing with boundary conditions, a real-form ODE system is proposed. A general code of numerical solution of the real-form ODE is written by using Maple. Some numerical studies are carried out and verified by finite element analysis. Our investigations show that the mechanics of an elastic torus are sensitive to the radius ratio, and suggest that the analysis of a torus should be done by using the bending theory of a shell. A general Maple code is provided as essential part of this paper.