Version 1
: Received: 6 September 2020 / Approved: 9 September 2020 / Online: 9 September 2020 (04:04:12 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 21 September 2020 / Approved: 22 September 2020 / Online: 22 September 2020 (11:45:01 CEST)
Núñez-Nogueira, G.; Valentino-Álvarez, J. A.; Granados-Berber, A. A.; Ramírez-Ayala, E.; Zepeda-González, F. A.; Tintos-Gómez, A. Aquatic Biota Is Not Exempt from Coronavirus Infections: An Overview. Water, 2021, 13, 2215. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162215.
Núñez-Nogueira, G.; Valentino-Álvarez, J. A.; Granados-Berber, A. A.; Ramírez-Ayala, E.; Zepeda-González, F. A.; Tintos-Gómez, A. Aquatic Biota Is Not Exempt from Coronavirus Infections: An Overview. Water, 2021, 13, 2215. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162215.
Núñez-Nogueira, G.; Valentino-Álvarez, J. A.; Granados-Berber, A. A.; Ramírez-Ayala, E.; Zepeda-González, F. A.; Tintos-Gómez, A. Aquatic Biota Is Not Exempt from Coronavirus Infections: An Overview. Water, 2021, 13, 2215. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162215.
Núñez-Nogueira, G.; Valentino-Álvarez, J. A.; Granados-Berber, A. A.; Ramírez-Ayala, E.; Zepeda-González, F. A.; Tintos-Gómez, A. Aquatic Biota Is Not Exempt from Coronavirus Infections: An Overview. Water, 2021, 13, 2215. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162215.
Abstract
Coronaviruses are pathogens recognized for having an animal origin, commonly associated with terrestrial environments. However, although in a few cases, there are reports of their presence in aquatic organisms like fish, frogs, waterfowls and marine mammals. None of these cases has led to human health effects when contact with these infected organisms has taken place, whether they are alive or dead. Aquatic birds seem to be the main group carrying and circulating these types of viruses among healthy bird populations. Although the route of infection for CoVID-19 by water or aquatic organisms has not yet been observed in the wild, the relevance of its study is highlighted because there are cases of other viral infections known to have been transferred to humans by aquatic biota. It is encouraging to know that aquatic species, such as fish, marine mammals, and amphibians, shows very few cases of coronaviruses and that some other aquatic animals may also be a possible source of cure or treatment against then, as some evidence with algae and marine sponges suggest.
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
22 September 2020
Commenter:
GABRIEL NÚÑEZ-NOGUEIRA
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment:
The manuscript has been updated and reorganized to make it more fluid to read. Likewise, some typing mistakes were corrected, and information was extended in some points.
Commenter: GABRIEL NÚÑEZ-NOGUEIRA
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author