Savino, R.; Carotenuto, M.; Polito, A.N.; Di Noia, S.; Albenzio, M.; Scarinci, A.; Ambrosi, A.; Sessa, F.; Tartaglia, N.; Messina, G. Analyzing the Potential Biological Determinants of Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Neuroinflammation to the Kynurenine Pathway. Brain Sci.2020, 10, 631.
Savino, R.; Carotenuto, M.; Polito, A.N.; Di Noia, S.; Albenzio, M.; Scarinci, A.; Ambrosi, A.; Sessa, F.; Tartaglia, N.; Messina, G. Analyzing the Potential Biological Determinants of Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Neuroinflammation to the Kynurenine Pathway. Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 631.
Savino, R.; Carotenuto, M.; Polito, A.N.; Di Noia, S.; Albenzio, M.; Scarinci, A.; Ambrosi, A.; Sessa, F.; Tartaglia, N.; Messina, G. Analyzing the Potential Biological Determinants of Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Neuroinflammation to the Kynurenine Pathway. Brain Sci.2020, 10, 631.
Savino, R.; Carotenuto, M.; Polito, A.N.; Di Noia, S.; Albenzio, M.; Scarinci, A.; Ambrosi, A.; Sessa, F.; Tartaglia, N.; Messina, G. Analyzing the Potential Biological Determinants of Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Neuroinflammation to the Kynurenine Pathway. Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 631.
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder etiopathogenesis is still unclear and no effective preventive and treatment measures have been identified. Research has focused on the potential role of neuroinflammation and kynurenine pathway. Here we review the nature of these interactions. Pre-natal or neonatal infections would induce microglial activation, with secondary consequences on behavior, cognition and neurotransmitter networks. Peripherally, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-brain antibodies have been identified. Increased frequency of autoimmune diseases, allergies, and recurring infections have been demonstrated both in autistic patients and in their relatives. Genetic studies, also, have identified some important polymorphisms in chromosome loci related to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. The persistence of immune-inflammatory deregulation would lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, creating a self-sustaining cytotoxic loop. Chronic inflammation activates kynurenine pathway with increase in neurotoxic metabolites and excitotoxicity, causing long-term changes in glutamatergic system, trophic support and synaptic function. Furthermore, overactivation of kynurenine’s branch induces depletion of melatonin and serotonin worsening ASD symptoms. In this scenario, kynurenine pathway appears as a pharmacological target to treat and prevent ASD. Thus, in genetically predisposed subjects aberrant neurodevelopment may derives from a complex interplay between inflammatory process, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and kynurenine pathway overexpression. To validate previous hypothesis a new translational research approach is necessary.
Medicine and Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Mental Health
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