Version 1
: Received: 19 March 2020 / Approved: 20 March 2020 / Online: 20 March 2020 (06:56:25 CET)
Version 2
: Received: 16 October 2020 / Approved: 16 October 2020 / Online: 16 October 2020 (11:49:13 CEST)
How to cite:
Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y. Influenza Viral Infection is a High-Risk Factor for Developing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Preprints2020, 2020030307. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0307.v1.
Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y. Influenza Viral Infection is a High-Risk Factor for Developing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Preprints 2020, 2020030307. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0307.v1.
Cite as:
Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y. Influenza Viral Infection is a High-Risk Factor for Developing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Preprints2020, 2020030307. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0307.v1.
Zhang, L.; Zhang, Y. Influenza Viral Infection is a High-Risk Factor for Developing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Preprints 2020, 2020030307. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0307.v1.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus 2 (2019-nCoV, now referred to as SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 has become a global pandemic since its outbreak at the end of Dec 2019. COVID-19 could lead to severe acute respiratory disease, especially to those who have reduced immunity. Binding of the viral Spike protein (S) to its receptor ACE2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2) on the surface of target cells has been proven to be key for virus entry and infection. Although ACE2 expression in the respiratory system is necessary for pneumonia infection by SARS-CoV-2, the regulation of ACE2 gene expression remains poorly investigated, especially for patients that are in pre-pathological conditions. Here, by analyzing The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we investigated the expression regulation of ACE2 in various kinds of primary epithelial cells from the respiratory system after influenza A or respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection. Our analyses reveal that infection of influenza A, RSV or influenza vaccines greatly increased ACE2 expression, suggesting that influenza viral infection could represent a high risk factor for developing COVID-19. We also found that the regulatory effect of influenza A virus on ACE2 expression is associated with activation of the interferon beta-induced pathway and viral RNA-activated host response. Together, our data provide a theoretical framework for clinical classification for SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility and could be used for future prevention and therapy treatment for COVID-19.
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
