Preprint Article Version 2 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Four‑Stage Evolution of Diabetes or Whole Body Insulin Resistance (WBIR): Debunking of the Lipid‑Induced Insulin Resistance (LIIR) and Proposing of the Glycation‑Induced Insulin Resistance (GIIR)

Version 1 : Received: 20 September 2019 / Approved: 21 September 2019 / Online: 21 September 2019 (01:46:31 CEST)
Version 2 : Received: 8 October 2019 / Approved: 9 October 2019 / Online: 9 October 2019 (04:21:56 CEST)
Version 3 : Received: 10 February 2023 / Approved: 14 February 2023 / Online: 14 February 2023 (09:38:06 CET)

How to cite: Lee, S.J.; Shin, S.W. Four‑Stage Evolution of Diabetes or Whole Body Insulin Resistance (WBIR): Debunking of the Lipid‑Induced Insulin Resistance (LIIR) and Proposing of the Glycation‑Induced Insulin Resistance (GIIR). Preprints 2019, 2019090247. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201909.0247.v2 Lee, S.J.; Shin, S.W. Four‑Stage Evolution of Diabetes or Whole Body Insulin Resistance (WBIR): Debunking of the Lipid‑Induced Insulin Resistance (LIIR) and Proposing of the Glycation‑Induced Insulin Resistance (GIIR). Preprints 2019, 2019090247. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201909.0247.v2

Abstract

Even though it has long been known that diabetes develops in distinctive stages over a long span of time, no comprehensive diabetes development model has been developed yet. Insulin resistance (IR) plays a central role in development of diabetes. A widespread belief regarding IR is that it is a global parameter affecting the whole body simultaneously by impairing merely glucose uptake in tissues. However, the analysis by a new methodology that we have named integrated approach suggests that IR not merely impairs glucose uptake in tissues but also produces tissue-specific metabolic disruptions varying widely from tissue to tissue, and that IR would not necessarily develop simultaneously over the whole body but instead develop first preferentially in the muscle tissue with a relatively low cell turnover and then progress in sequence to the subcutaneous adipose tissue to the visceral adipose tissue to the liver with higher cell turnovers. This is the most important rationale for subdividing IR into four distinct tissue-specific IRs: muscle insulin resistance (MIR), subcutaneous adipose insulin resistance (s-AIR), visceral adipose insulin resistance (v-AIR), and hepatic insulin resistance (HIR). Sequential development of tissue-specific IRs, in the order of MIR, s-AIR, v-AIR, and HIR, producing tissue-specific metabolic disruptions, is nothing but the whole body insulin resistance (WBIR) evolving in four distinctively insulin-resistant stages. Four-stage evolution from rapid weight gain to visceral obesity to rapid weight loss to full-blown diabetic state not only complies well with the natural development history of diabetes, but also resolves most of controversies on diabetes or obesity. Development of the four-stage WBIR evolution model, which also refutes the entrenched notion of the lipid-induced insulin resistance (LIIR) but instead supports the glycation-induced insulin resistance (GIIR) proposed in this study, may possibly be considered a breakthrough in study of diabetes as well as obesity.

Keywords

obesity; obesity paradox; diabetes; insulin resistance (IR); whole body insulin resistance (WBIR); tissue-specific insulin resistance; muscle insulin resistance (MIR); subcutaneous insulin resistance (s-AIR); visceral adipose insulin resistance (v-AIR); hepatic insulin resistance (HIR); lipid-induced insulin resistance (LIIIR); glycation-induced insulin resistance (GIIIR)

Subject

Medicine and Pharmacology, Endocrinology and Metabolism

Comments (1)

Comment 1
Received: 9 October 2019
Commenter: Song Jae Lee
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author
Comment: A few more reference added. The manuscript has been refined at several palces.
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