Version 1
: Received: 7 October 2018 / Approved: 8 October 2018 / Online: 8 October 2018 (10:27:11 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 29 October 2018 / Approved: 30 October 2018 / Online: 30 October 2018 (07:42:15 CET)
Hakonen, A.; Strömberg, N. Fluorescence and Naked-Eye Detection of Pb2+ in Drinking Water Using a Low-Cost Ionophore Based Sensing Scheme. Chemosensors2018, 6, 51.
Hakonen, A.; Strömberg, N. Fluorescence and Naked-Eye Detection of Pb2+ in Drinking Water Using a Low-Cost Ionophore Based Sensing Scheme. Chemosensors 2018, 6, 51.
Hakonen, A.; Strömberg, N. Fluorescence and Naked-Eye Detection of Pb2+ in Drinking Water Using a Low-Cost Ionophore Based Sensing Scheme. Chemosensors2018, 6, 51.
Hakonen, A.; Strömberg, N. Fluorescence and Naked-Eye Detection of Pb2+ in Drinking Water Using a Low-Cost Ionophore Based Sensing Scheme. Chemosensors 2018, 6, 51.
Abstract
Drinking water contamination of lead from various environmental sources, leaching consumer products and intrinsic water-pipe infrastructure is still today a matter of great concern. Therefore, new highly sensitive and convenient Pb2+ measurement schemes are necessary, especially for in-situ measurements at a low-cost. Within this work dye/ionophore/Pb2+ co-extraction and effective water phase de-colorization was utilized for highly sensitive lead measurements and sub-ppb naked-eye detection. Low-cost ionophore Benzo-18-Crown-6-ether was used, and a simple test-tube mix, shake and separate procedure was developed. Instrumental detection limits were in the low ppt region (LOD=3, LOQ=10), and naked-eye detection was 500 ppt. Note, however, that this sensing scheme still has improvement potential as concentrations of fluorophore and ionophore were not optimized. Artificial tap-water samples, leached by a standardized method, demonstrated drinking water application. Implications for this method are convenient in-situ lead ion measurements.
Keywords
lead ions; fluorescence detection; ionophore; Benzo-18-Crown-6-ether; drinking water
Subject
Chemistry and Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
