Preprint Review Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

# Tests and Problems of the Standard Model in Cosmology

Version 1 : Received: 31 January 2017 / Approved: 1 February 2017 / Online: 1 February 2017 (16:06:52 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Journal reference: Foundations of Physics 2017, 47, 711-768
DOI: 10.1007/s10701-017-0073-8

## Abstract

The main foundations of the standard $\Lambda$CDM model of cosmology are that: 1) The redshifts of the galaxies are due to the expansion of the Universe plus peculiar motions; 2) The cosmic microwave background radiation and its anisotropies derive from the high energy primordial Universe when matter and radiation became decoupled; 3) The abundance pattern of the light elements is explained in terms of primordial nucleosynthesis; and 4) The formation and evolution of galaxies can be explained only in terms of gravitation within a inflation+dark matter+dark energy scenario. Numerous tests have been carried out on these ideas and, although the standard model works pretty well in fitting many observations, there are also many data that present apparent caveats to be understood with it. In this paper, I offer a review of these tests and problems, as well as some examples of alternative models.

## Subject Areas

Cosmology; Observational cosmology; Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements; dark matter; dark energy; superclusters; large-scale structure of the Universe

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