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Review

Ex-Situ vs. In-Situ Defluoridation of the Contaminated Aquifers: A State-of-the-Art Review

This version is not peer-reviewed.

Submitted:

31 December 2016

Posted:

02 January 2017

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Abstract
A wide variety of pump and treat methods like chemical precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange and reverse osmosis have been trialled for many decades for fluoride removal from groundwater, but the problem of fluoride contaminated water remains in many parts of the world largely because these processes require constant monitoring, are expensive to implement and maintain at decentralised scale due to lack of reticulation infrastructure, and possess sludge disposal problem. This paper presents an overview of various fluoride removal processes and the limitations associated with each process and the application of in-situ permeable reactive barrier for remediating fluoride contaminated groundwater is explored, which displays the potential to be a cost effective, low maintenance and energy intensive technology.
Keywords: 
Fluoride, groundwater, in-situ remediation, pump and treat
Subject: 
Engineering  -   Chemical Engineering
Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.

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