Version 1
: Received: 12 October 2016 / Approved: 12 October 2016 / Online: 12 October 2016 (11:37:13 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 25 November 2016 / Approved: 25 November 2016 / Online: 25 November 2016 (09:45:03 CET)
Version 3
: Received: 10 December 2016 / Approved: 10 December 2016 / Online: 10 December 2016 (08:32:59 CET)
How to cite:
Chandrashekar, C. S.; Shellikeri, A.; Chandrashekar, S.; Taylor, E. A.; Taylor, D. M. Visualizing Electromagnetic Vacuum by MRI. Preprints2016, 2016100042. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201610.0042.v3
Chandrashekar, C. S.; Shellikeri, A.; Chandrashekar, S.; Taylor, E. A.; Taylor, D. M. Visualizing Electromagnetic Vacuum by MRI. Preprints 2016, 2016100042. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201610.0042.v3
Chandrashekar, C. S.; Shellikeri, A.; Chandrashekar, S.; Taylor, E. A.; Taylor, D. M. Visualizing Electromagnetic Vacuum by MRI. Preprints2016, 2016100042. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201610.0042.v3
APA Style
Chandrashekar, C. S., Shellikeri, A., Chandrashekar, S., Taylor, E. A., & Taylor, D. M. (2016). Visualizing Electromagnetic Vacuum by MRI. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201610.0042.v3
Chicago/Turabian Style
Chandrashekar, C. S., Erika A. Taylor and Deanne M. Taylor. 2016 "Visualizing Electromagnetic Vacuum by MRI" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201610.0042.v3
Abstract
Based upon Maxwell's equations, it has long been established that oscillating electromagnetic (EM) fields incident upon a metal surface decay exponentially inside the conductor, leading to a virtual EM vacuum at sufficient depths. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizes radiofrequency (r.f.) EM fields to produce images. Here we present the first visualization of a virtual EM vacuum inside a bulk metal strip by MRI, amongst several novel findings. We uncover unexpected MRI intensity patterns arising from two orthogonal pairs of faces of a metal strip, and derive formulae for their intensity ratios, revealing differing effective elemental volumes (voxels) underneath these faces. Further, we furnish chemical shift imaging (CSI) results that discriminate different faces (surfaces) of a metal block according to their distinct nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts, which holds much promise for monitoring surface chemical reactions noninvasively. Bulk metals are ubiquitous, and MRI is a premier noninvasive diagnostic tool. Combining the two, the emerging field of bulk metal MRI can be expected to grow in importance. The fundamental nature of results presented here may impact bulk metal MRI and CSI across many fields.
Keywords
electromagnetic vacuum; MRI; metal
Subject
Physical Sciences, Applied Physics
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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