The impact of obesity upon bone metabolism is controversial since both negative and positive effects have been reported. Bone remodeling is modulated by the central nervous system through cytokines, hormones and neuromodulators. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects evoked by bilateral retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rWAT) denervation (Dnx) upon bone mineral metabolism and remodeling in an experimental model of obesity in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed during 18 weeks with high-fat diet (HFD) or standard diet (SD) as controls, and rWAT Dnx or Sham surgery was performed at the 14th week. Biochemical and hormonal parameters, bone histo-morphometry, rWAT and hypothalamus protein and gene expression were analyzed. HFD group presented decreased bone formation parameters, increased serum and bone leptin and FGF23, increased serum and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and decreased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and PTH. After rWAT Dnx, bone markers and histomorphometry showed restoration of bone formation, serum and hypothalamic NPY decreased, without altera-tion in leptin levels. The present study showed that the denervation of rWAT improved bone formation in obese rats mediated by a preferential reduction in neurohormonal actions of NPY, emphasizing the relevance of the adipose tissue-brain-bone axis in the control of bone metabolism in obesity.